The Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald - 985 Words

Liam Hemsworth Mrs.Koop English III 03/07/2016 Identity in The Great Gatsby Personal identity is very difficult to define. Everyone has an image in their mind of who they want to be and how they want to lead their lives. These ideas are usually very different from the actual identity of a person. Throughout the novel The Great Gatsby , by F. Scott Fitzgerald the search for identity is continuos. The main characters are on a rollercoaster of uncertainty trying to protect the images that they have created for themselves. Money, love, passion and foolishness lead Jay Gatsby, the novels main character to lead a life of lies and confusion. Gtasby appears to be very confident and sure of his every move. He stands tall with pride, and people respect him. His confidence is actually very deceiving. Although Gatsby throws spectacular parties on a very regular basis, he never attends them. He cannot mingle and socialize with the guests. Gatsby confesses this to Nick very early on in the novel. Gatsby has crated the image that he leads a glamorous life and has a very exciting history. At his parties many people try to guess what he did during the war and how he earned his money. Gatsby allows them to think outrageous things and he never gives anybody a straight answer about his past, or corrects people once they think they know his true history. Gatsby also wants to believe that money will solve all the problems in the world, and can buy happiness. Gatsby wanted to go from a poorShow MoreRelatedThe Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald1393 Words   |  6 PagesF. Scott Fitzgerald was the model of the American image in the nineteen twenties. He had wealth, fame, a beautiful wife, and an adorable daughter; all seemed perfect. Beneath the gilded faà §ade, however, was an author who struggled with domestic and physical difficulties that plagued his personal life and career throughout its short span. This author helped to launch the theme that is so prevalent in his work; the human instinct to yearn for more, into the forefront of American literature, where itRead MoreThe Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald1343 Words   |  6 PagesHonors English 10 Shugart 18 Decemeber 2014 The Great Gatsby F. Scott Fitzgerald s 1925 novel The Great Gatsby is a tragic love story, a mystery, and a social commentary on American life. The Great Gatsby is about the lives of four wealthy characters observed by the narrator, Nick Carroway. Throughout the novel a mysterious man named Jay Gatsby throws immaculate parties every Saturday night in hope to impress his lost lover, Daisy Buchanan. Gatsby lives in a mansion on West Egg across from DaisyRead MoreThe Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald1155 Words   |  5 PagesThe Great Gatsby The Jazz Age was an era where everything and anything seemed possible. It started with the beginning of a new age with America coming out of World War I as the most powerful nation in the world (Novel reflections on, 2007). As a result, the nation soon faced a culture-shock of material prosperity during the 1920’s. Also known as the â€Å"roaring twenties†, it was a time where life consisted of prodigality and extravagant parties. Writing based on his personal experiences, author F. ScottRead MoreThe Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald1166 Words   |  5 Pagesin the Haze F. Scott Fitzgerald lived in a time that was characterized by an unbelievable lack of substance. After the tragedy and horrors of WWI, people were focused on anything that they could that would distract from the emptiness that had swallowed them. Tangible greed tied with extreme materialism left many, by the end of this time period, disenchanted. The usage of the literary theories of both Biographical and Historical lenses provide a unique interpretation of the Great Gatsby centered aroundRead MoreThe Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald845 Words   |  3 PagesIn F. Scott Fitzgerald’s novel, The Great Gatsby, colors represent a variety of symbols that relate back to the American Dream. The dream of being pure, innocent and perfect is frequently associated with the reality of corruption, violence, and affairs. Gatsby’s desire for achieving the American Dream is sought for through corruption (Schneider). The American Dream in the 1920s was perceived as a desire of w ealth and social standings. Social class is represented through the East Egg, the WestRead MoreThe Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald Essay970 Words   |  4 Pagesrespecting and valuing Fitzgerald work in the twenty-first century? Fitzgerald had a hard time to profiting from his writing, but he was not successful after his first novel. There are three major point of this essay are: the background history of Fitzgerald life, the comparisons between Fitzgerald and the Gatsby from his number one book in America The Great Gatsby, and the Fitzgerald got influences of behind the writing and being a writer. From childhood to adulthood, Fitzgerald faced many good andRead MoreThe Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald2099 Words   |  9 Pagesauthor to mirror his life in his book. In his previous novels F. Scott Fitzgerald drew from his life experiences. He said that his next novel, The Great Gatsby, would be different. He said, â€Å"In my new novel I’m thrown directly on purely creative work† (F. Scott Fitzgerald). He did not realize or did not want it to appear that he was taking his own story and intertwining it within his new novel. In The Great Gatsby, by F. Scott Fitzgerald, he imitates his lifestyle through the Buchanan family to demonstrateRead MoreThe Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald1607 Words   |  7 Pages The Great Gatsby is an American novel written in 1925 by F. Scott Fitzgerald. One of the themes of the book is the American Dream. The American Dream is an idea in which Americans believe through hard work they can achieve success and prosperity in the free world. In F. Scott Fitzgerald s novel, The Great Gatsby, the American Dream leads to popularity, extreme jealousy and false happiness. Jay Gatsby’s recent fortune and wealthiness helped him earn a high social position and become one of the mostRead MoreThe Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald1592 Words   |  7 PagesMcGowan English 11A, Period 4 9 January 2014 The Great Gatsby Individuals who approach life with an optimistic mindset generally have their goals established as their main priority. Driven by ambition, they are determined to fulfill their desires; without reluctance. These strong-minded individuals refuse to be influenced by negative reinforcements, and rely on hope in order to achieve their dreams. As a man of persistence, the wealthy Jay Gatsby continuously strives to reclaim the love of hisRead MoreThe Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald1646 Words   |  7 PagesThe 1920s witnessed the death of the American Dream, a message immortalized in F. Scott Fitzgerald’s The Great Gatsby. Initially, the American Dream represented the outcome of American ideals, that everyone has the freedom and opportunity to achieve their dreams provided they perform honest hard work. During the 1920s, the United States experienced massive economic prosperity making the American Dream seem alive and strong. However, in Fitzgerald’s eyes, the new Am erican culture build around that

`` Mean Girls, By Lindsay Lohan Essay - 1167 Words

Introduction Psychologists all over the world have studied the complexity of adolescents and their behaviors through-out this stage of the human life-span. In the movie, Mean Girls, (Waters, 2004) Lindsay Lohan portrays the main actress known as Cady Herron. Unlike most teens, Cady was raised in Africa, with her parents as Zoologists. She was homeschooled for all of her school years, and this would be the first attempt at public school. Cady like most adolescents, finds herself in a rock and a hard place when she is caught between real friendship and the fake ego plastic one. From the view of a Developmental Psychologist, there are several key factors and theories strongly influencing Cady and her behaviors during this time in her life. Moral emotions, moral reasoning, forging a sense of identity, and self-esteem are among the few that were chosen to take emphases on. Moral Emotion Moral emotion is classified under Sigmund Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory along with empathy, prosocial behavior, and antisocial behavior. (Life-Span, 2015, 2012, pp. 35-40) All are behaviors and stages that Cady is experiencing at this time in her life. Moral emotions, both positive and negative, require being able to evaluate whether you or others have exceeded or fallen short of standards of behaviors. Cady shows signs of antisocial behavior when she works up a plan with best friend Janis Ian to take down Regina George â€Å"Queen Bee† of the Plastics. She feels that even though she is pretendingShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of I Know Who Killed Me Essay1428 Words   |  6 PagesIn recent years, Lindsay Lohan has been making more news for her wild escapades and troubled personal life than for her acting and musical accomplishments. The beautiful and talented young starlet has survived car crashes, family turmoil, a stint in drug and alcohol rehab and countl ess broken love affairs and public quarrels with other young A Listers. Those who love and admire Lindsay Lohan hope that she settles down to a peaceful and happy life that will enable her to concentrate on her art soRead MorePsychology: Analysis of Lindsay Lohans Personality1966 Words   |  8 Pagesï » ¿Lindsay Lohan: Personality Analysis I will present a brief biography of Lindsay Lohan and then examine her personality from the perspective of Freud‟s Psychoanalytic Theory Biography Lindsay Morgan Lohan was born on July 2, 1986, the daughter of Donata (Sullivan) and Michael Douglas Lohan. Followed by the birth of Lindsay were two brothers, Michael and Dakota, and a sister, Aliana. .The start of Lindsay‟s career began as a Ford Model at three years old. In 1996 she obtained her first majorRead MoreYoung Adults Do Not Know How to Manage Their Money Essay1048 Words   |  5 Pagesabout managing money. Growing up, they believed that being cool, popular, and having endless fun is all that mattered in life. They’re always thinking how to have fun now, but are never thinking about the future. For these young adults being cool means, speeding, drinking and driving, and always being center of attention. As they receive their weekly pay checks, they instantly waste it on stupid, pointless things, such as; beer, clubs, cigarettes, and speeding tickets. So as they play the role ofRead MoreMean Girls Case Study1541 Words   |  7 Pagesnonverbal, are received and interpreted by those around us. Although we are unaware of every detail communicated in our own daily lives, it can be much easier to study such phenomena within pop culture examples, where it becomes very evident. The movie â€Å"Mean Girls† is the perfect subject of such a case study, where it is full of examples of the theories discussed and read about thus far in the quarter. The two main categories that define communication are verbal and nonverbal. As discussed in class andRead MoreMean Girls Essay920 Words   |  4 Pagesis a Paramount Pictures presentation titled Mean Girls, starring Lindsay Lohan and also featuring a handful of Saturday Night Live cast members, including Tina Fey the author of this picture. The reason behind choosing this film is because it has a unique style of introducing characters, transitioning between scenes, and various tools to help spice up the film. Being one of my personal favorites, Mean Girls is a comedy about a home schooled teenage girl who enters high school for the first time.Read MoreMean Girls841 Words   |  4 PagesSugar and Spice is No Longer Nice Mean Girls is a comedy directed by Mark Waters and written by Tina Fey. Cady Heron is the new girl in town who moved from Africa. She instantly makes friends with two teenagers that are nice (Damian and Janis) whom, are considered in the out crowd. After she meets the Plastics (three rude and popular girls), consisting of Regina the leader, Gretchen (Regina’s follower), Karen is considering one of the dumbest people you will meet. They let her in their groupRead MoreCelebrities Provide Poor Role Models for Children1044 Words   |  5 PagesOne celebrity who is always receiving high profile media coverage which portrays her as a poor role model is Lindsay Lohan. She began her celebrity lifestyle as a child star in the film ‘Parent Trap’ and continued to become more famous as a teenager in the hit teen movie ‘Mean Girls’. As a young star Lindsay was portrayed in the media as a sweet, cute little girl but around the time Mean Girls was in the cinema thi ngs started to go downhill for the young actress as she confessed to eating disordersRead MoreMean Girls Behavioral Analysis Essay760 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"Mean Girls† Behavioral Analysis The movie â€Å"Mean Girls†, featuring Lindsay Lohan and Tina Fey, is a comedic film about a girl in high school who has to deal with all the problems, pressures, and choices of growing up in American society in comparison to that of being homeschooled in Africa. This motion picture was the perfect platform for showcasing various types of behavioral psychology. When Cady first moves from Africa to attend a public school she is a nice, innocent, respectful teenage girlRead MoreEating Disorders : Celebrities And Teen Girls974 Words   |  4 PagesEating Disorders: Celebrities and Teen Girls One may believe that slim celebrity pictures make people avoid being that weight, while it is also believed that these celebrities may be causing a weight drop in people around the world. Kelly Cutrone, owner of People’s Revolution, states that models are born with the characteristics needed to model, and these models are not unhealthy. Also, Psychologist Douglas Bunnell states that stars simply show the horrors of eating disorders, and how people shouldRead More`` Mean Girls : A New Student At North Shore High School873 Words   |  4 PagesIn Mean Girls (2004), Cady Heron (Lindsay Lohan) is a new student at North Shore High School. Throughout the film we hear the narration of Cady and witness the Bildungsroman of her character. Bildungsroman is known as â€Å"a specific subgenre of coming-of-age stories that focus on the protagonist’s psychological and moral growth. Hence, character change is extremely important† (Kusina, 2015). She has a major culture shoc k when she goes from being homeschooled in Africa to being a part of the most popular

Use Of Web Technologies In Education Education Essay Free Essays

The purpose of this essay is to research the possible usage of web 2.0 engineerings as a larning tool in higher instruction, to set up what schemes should be used to maximise the possible benefits of web 2.0. We will write a custom essay sample on Use Of Web Technologies In Education Education Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now I will analyze some instances to analyse the web 2.0 schemes which have been taken in instruction and acquisition. In peculiar, I will turn to the strategic deductions of web 2.0 engineerings in back uping pupil acquisition. Introduction The nature of instruction and acquisition has ever been linked with the nature of the engineering used in any historical period. In the age of orality or pre authorship, instruction was preponderantly unwritten and address was the lone manner of communicating. As people moved from orality to composing civilization, their thought created civilizations with alone features that were different from orality civilization ( Ong 1982 ) .In the age of print civilization, cognition was obtained and disseminated easy utilizing engineering. The handiness of information in the print civilization has led to progresss in topics such as scientific discipline as bookmans were able to portion their information.The technological developments of the industrial revolution besides changed the creative activity and airing of cognition as instructors used the printed stuffs and text editions to reassign cognition and information to a group of scholars. Ong ( 1982 ) separate the primary unwritten civilizatio n ( public communicating and speaking ) from ‘secondary ‘ orality civilization which developed by communicating media such as Radio which accentnate sound. The secondary orality includes elements from both the authorship and the orality civilization. He states that secondary orality civilization are empathic, foster a strong sense of rank in a group, and unite people in groups whereas composing promotes distance between readers and writers. Therefore, secondary orality is a societal manner of understanding the sentiments of others through duologue and edifice relationships which are different from print civilization which isolates people. A theoretical account of secondary orality can be presented in instruction and larning utilizing web 2.0 tools.This provides chance to incorporate some facets of authorship and unwritten features utilizing web 2.0 technologies.Web 2.0 engineerings have many features of secondary orality which includes the treatments about the subjects o f concerns which are close to the human life and through duologue and interactions pupils and instructors are able to portion their sentiments.For illustration, Downes ( 2004 ) implemented web 2.0 schemes to advance communicating and sharing cognition among pupils. He integrated some facets of authorship and unwritten features in his instruction through web logs and supply chances for pupils to non merely use information but besides create and portion content. First, he created a web log to print information and supply resources for pupils which are similar to textbooks that have authorization and ownership on printing information ( composing and print civilization ) . Second, he besides used web logs to supply the chance for pupils to discourse about specific subjects and range to collective understanding which is similar to secondary orality civilization in which pupils were able to prosecute in conversation and portion their sentiments. Web 2.0 has the possible to integrate some facets of authorship and orality activities in order to heighten acquisition and instruction However, despite many benefits of web 2.0 in instruction, a figure of surveies provide grounds in which instructors failed to ease active interaction among pupils ( eg Lankshear A ; Knobel,2003 ) . Therefore, it appears apprehensible that successful usage of web 2.0 engineerings require schemes in order to take advantages of these tools. Potential benefits of web 2.0 engineerings McClintock ( 1992, p42 ) argues that the print system has dominated instruction for the past five centuries and the physical nature of books ‘necessarily influences the manner that pedagogues organise education’.Ong ( 1982 ) states that although the instruction has been deeply affected by print civilization but the coming of electronic communicating that introduce a secondary orality have a profound on instruction. Similarly, McLuhan ( 1957 ) argues that the development of communicating tools would transform formal instruction. However, such anticipations about the transmutation potency of engineering have failed to come true. Cuban ( 1993 ) argues that many educational claims were made for each new engineering and later each claim was disproved by new developments. Cuban states that the engineering has been ignored by many instructors despite extended investing in engineering. Furthermore, he provides two grounds why engineering has non changed the instruction. Firse, c ultural beliefs sing instruction and acquisition, 2nd, the print paradigm of the 19th century has shaped the instruction. However, despite important investings in ICT in instruction in last 10 old ages, it had a small impact in educational patterns. This was in portion due to confusion about why we want to utilize ICT, and what we want to accomplish, and how we want to utilize ICT with respect to limitations exists in instruction. As Cloke ( 2001, p8 ) states †teachers are being encouraged to learn old cognition with new engineerings † . However, implementing web 2.0 engineerings require schemes in order to advance instruction and acquisition. Richardson ( 2004 ) implemented web 2.0 schemes in his instruction and acquisition to promote pupils to prosecute in an on-line treatment utilizing web log engineering. He besides provided existent activities in order to advance sharing cognition among pupils and teachers.He invited the parents and writers to portion and take part in the treatment of ‘The Secret Life of Bees ‘ . He found that web logs enable pupils to prosecute in conversat ion, think more critically, reflect on their acquisition and construct their relationships with equals and instructors ( Richardson, 2006 ) . Richardson besides found that web logs helped loath pupils to portion their sentiments in category, and integrated in the acquisition community. Therefore, to advancing communicating and sharing cognition among pupils, instructors need to implement schemes in order to promote pupils to take part in collaborative activities. Lifelong acquisition and web 2.0 engineering The possible benefits of web 2.0 engineerings lie in their capacity to ease coaction, connect instructors, pupils, and experts together to portion their cognition. The European committee ( 2006 ) supply a set of grounds for utilizing information engineering in instruction in a manner that encourage usage of web 2.0 engineerings. They province that the universities need to portion excellence in research and instruction and supply sufficient entree to resources. Web 2.0 engineerings provide the chance for pedagogues to work collaboratively careless of geographical boundaries and supply entree to a huge scope of resources which support life long larning. It besides allows users to work collaboratively and portion their cognition. There is a important accent on educational policy in back uping womb-to-tomb acquisition. Brophy, Craven and fisher ( 1998 ) specify the construct of womb-to-tomb acquisition as follows â€Å" life long acquisition is a deliberate, patterned advance throughout the life of an person, where the initial acquisition of cognition and accomplishments is reviewed and upgraded continuously, to run into challenges set by an of all time altering society † ( p.1 ) . It is hence clear that life long learning requires the development of cognition, accomplishments, and values throughout our life. These accomplishments and competences can be achieved through coaction and sharing our experiences and cognition. Delors ( 1996 ) identified â€Å" four pillars of womb-to-tomb acquisition: acquisition to cognize, larning to make, larning to populate together, and larning to be â€Å" ( p.37 ) . He emphasises on larning to populate together as the foundation of instruction and discourse that by working together we can understand the sentiments of others and portion our jobs and involvements, develop our communicating, societal accomplishments, and critical thought and take the personal duty for our ends and larning. To advance life long acquisition, p upils, and instructors need to hold sufficient and easy entree to resources, being collaborative and being able to build and portion their cognition. Wanger ( 2004 ) argues that there are a demand for cognition creative activity and sharing through duologue with inquiries and replies. Furthermore, he distinguishes between demands of cognition users and cognition Godheads. He demonstrates that in building cognition, users need to happen relevant information, obtain the cognition, and happen good quality of the beginnings. In footings of demands of cognition Godheads. He states that new cognition should be created, collected and disseminated as rapidly possible to work out jobs because cognition alteration quickly. Therefore, web 2.0 have the capacity to make, gaining control and portion our cognition. Will Richardson ( 2006, weblog ) writes: â€Å" The good intelligence for all of us is that today, anyone can go a womb-to-tomb scholar. ( Yes, even you. ) These engineerings are user friendly in a manner that engineerings have non been in the yesteryear. You can be up and blogging in proceedingss, redacting wikis in seconds, doing podcasts in, well, less clip than you ‘d believe. It ‘s non hard at all to be an active subscriber in this society of writing we are constructing†¦ â€Å" ( n.p ) .These surveies indicate that web 2.0 engineering provide chance for people to be womb-to-tomb scholars and maintain up to day of the month with developments in subjects of their involvements. In peculiar, web 2.0 tools can back up larning and professional development in a life long learning by offering entree to a huge assortment of larning content that can supplement initial preparation. Learning is non merely about utilizing new tools to entree information and sharing our cognition, it is besides about utilizing the engineering to develop our acquisition and work out jobs. However, the chief challenge for instruction is non engineering ; it is our cultura l and pedagogical beliefs. The chief biggest challenges in utilizing web 2.0 engineering harmonizing to Becta ‘s web 2.0 researches ( 2008 ) is how to promote pupils to prosecute actively in making and sharing cognition. The undermentioned subdivision provides an overview on web 2.0 schemes which have been taken at universities to ease acquisition. Case surveies and Web 2.0 schemes Franklin and Harmelen ( 2007 ) look into the usage of a scope of societal package tools in higher instruction analyzing the schemes which have been taken in implementing web 2.0 at four UK universities: Warwick, Leeds, Brighton, and Edinburgh.They besides identified several jobs and issues associated with implementing web 2.0 engineerings. The University of Brigton implemented web 2.0 schemes to advance societal and community webs among pupils and instructors. One of the chief findings was that part of professionals to larning and learning were slow. They besides found that there were some inappropriate stations among pupils which have been disappeared due to peer force per unit area. The University of Edinburgh implemented web 2.0 schemes such as â€Å" utilizing web logs and RSS provenders alternatively of newssheets, utilizing societal bookmarking to ease the direction of class cubic decimeter reading lists in a collaborative manner and supplying podcasts as portion of support stuffs â€Å" ( p.12 ) .The university high spots the importance of run intoing demands of pupils instead than choosing best tools. The Warwick University besides implemented web log engineering to heighten instruction and acquisition. One of the chief findings was that web logs have positively changed societal interaction among pupils and staff but instructors were a spot slow on incorporating the tools into their instruction. Some pupils used web log for societal activities and other pupils used web logs for â€Å" academic authorship such as book reviews â€Å" ( P.9 ) .John Dale, Head of IT service in Warwick ‘s university in Guardian article ( 2005 ) states that the intent for implementing web 2.0 tools were ‘self printing for all ‘ . Furthermore, John states that we need to be †open head about web logs.There is tonss of other ways of back uping contemplation and personal development, or community and coaction † ( n.p ) . Therefore, instructors ‘ motive and pedagogical beliefs about the demands of pupils may act upon the manner they choose and design the content. A figur e of surveies have shown that the successful execution of educational engineerings depends on the attitudes of pedagogues, who make up one’s mind how to utilize engineering in their schoolroom. Downes ( 2005 ) as cited in Franklin A ; Harmelen ( 2007 ) states that â€Å" acquisition is characterised non merely by greater liberty for the scholar, but besides a greater accent on active acquisition with creative activity, communicating and engagement playing cardinal functions, and on altering functions for the instructor, so even a prostration of the differentiation between instructors and pupil together † . Therefore, instructors have of import function to supply picks that allow pupils develop their ain involvements. The University of Leeds implemented web 2.0 schemes to in promote instruction and larning.They provide developing Sessionss and workshops for back uping pupils and instructors. This scheme helped instructors to concentrate more on new ways of instruction and presenting information to pupils. It besides helped pupils to go familar with web 2.0 functionality before get downing the class. In a degree class at the section of classics at the University of Leeds, Green ( 2009 ) used the wiki engineering in his ancient Roman faith faculty to affect pupils in the creative activity of the stuffs they study in the schoolroom, and go more active participants in their group undertaking. He was positive about utilizing the wiki in-group undertaking and identified several benefits of utilizing the wiki. These benefits include: edifice a acquisition community ; constructing a deeper apprehension of the class, flexibleness in footings of location in which everyone can work at any clip and any topographic point and easy to put up and run the collaborative undertaking. Of the possible advantages listed supra, the coach considers measuring the single part of pupil in-group undertaking as a job in his faculty. Another job was that the member of the groups had entree to their ain site, and they did non lend to the work of other groups. The coach besides was concerned about plagiarism i n which leting pupils to reexamine the work of other groups may be alluring pupils to take the thoughts of other groups, peculiarly for the Roman Religion undertaking where there was no secondary literature. Web 2.0 engineering demand a alteration in our attitudes toward the content, authorization of beginning and making materials.Web 2.0 engineering is a tool that aid scholars express their thoughts, analyze information, think critically and through these procedure pupils are able to acknowledge undependable information..Web 2.0 provide chance for pupils to portion their sentiments and do determination together about the credibleness of information and right of first publication stuffs.On the other manus, some argue that there is no cardinal editor in printing content in web logs and wikis and therefore they can non be considered believable because it published by people which there are no control over contents ( eg Bolous, 2006 ) . The function of instructors in web 2.0 engineering Augar, N.Raitman, R.Zhou, W ( 2004 ) investigated the ways in which societal package applications used in Deakin University, Australia. The Deakin University adopted the successful iceboat exercising to the wiki engineering to ease communicating and coaction among pupils every bit good as aid pupils to acquire used to the web 2.0 engineering before the collaborative authorship undertakings start. The consequences of a study by Deakin University in 2003 shows that the deficiency of interaction with equals and teachers were the chief jobs in larning online. Therefore, the university implemented web 2.0 schemes to develop societal interaction and collaborative accomplishments among ICT pupils. Augar et Al ( 2004 ) reported that the pupils participated in an iceboat activity and introduced themselves to one another by posting their inquiries and replies. Students shared their thoughts with other groups through duologue with inquiries and reply. The benefits of iceboat activity harmonizing to Augar achieved through the engagement in and usage of wikis.The benefits included interaction and facilitation of communicating with equals and doing the work easily. As discussed by Augar et Al ( 2004 ) , the pupils were more interested in inquiries related to the linguistic communication and the cultural background of one another and from this sharing experience, pupils were able to do new friends. Based on the earlier work of Freire on critical teaching method, Shor ( 1993 ) province that instructors need to `pose jobs derived from pupil life, societal issues, and academic topics, in a reciprocally created dialogueaˆÂ ¦inviting pupils to believe critically about capable matteraˆÂ ¦ the acquisition procedure itself, and their society` ( p.25 ) Therefore, the type of activity is of import to prosecute pupils to join forces with one another. As Bower and Woo ( 2006 ) found, there is a correlativity between the types of activities with collaborative acquisition. Forte and Bruckman ‘s ( 2006 ) findings confirm Bower ‘s research by showing that reliable undertakings are of import in prosecuting pupils to work collaboratively and lend to the work of their peers.Therefore, instructors have of import function to plan activities that encourage coaction and experimentation. The coachs besides took several schemes to guarantee security of the wiki content. First, they set simple usage guidelines within posting page and every times pupils made a station on the wiki, the guidelines appeared on their page. Second, they monitored the wiki entree and redacting content to forestall pupils from posting knowing abuse and omission. The coachs use the wiki engineering for posting stuffs and information and leave messages to assist pupils to read and portion their thoughts. This attack helps to make full the spread of larning between pupils by supplying on-line resources and information. Students need equal information for sharing and edifice cognition ( Wanger 2004 ) . Coachs besides presented themselves socially into group of pupils through posting their images on the wiki sites.This scheme helped pupils to add their image to user page and go more motivated to take part in utilizing wiki technology.The nature of wikis besides provide chance for coachs to supervise how frequently participants see a wiki system, whether they read the information and whether they are lending on a peculiar topic.They besides introduce the regulations for making and redacting content and coaction. Harmonizing to, Johnson and Smith ( 1991 ) , the coachs have of import function in making the class conditions, set uping an online community and engage pupils to be active participants. It is of import that instructors set regulations for illustration, pupil must post their thoughts on the group before the group begin work on a collaborative activity. Johnson farther province that coachs need to supply equal resources and monitor coaction among pupils and give remarks in ord er to steer students.They besides province that quality such as feedback and trust are of import in collaborative activities and promoting pupils to take part. Teachers need schemes to assist scholars to pass on and prosecute more efficaciously with their equals. For illustration instructors need to keep effectual relationships with pupils to prosecute them in coaction and making content. They besides need to affect in treatments with pupils. One of the indispensable function of instructors in the 21 century is to fix scholars to take part in socially organised activities.The function of instructors is of import in order to promote pupils to reflect on their ain and their equals by inquiring inquiries that seek grounds and grounds. Teachers besides need to measure and supervise single pupils and supply feedback to them. Web 2.0 requires new schemes for measuring collaborative acquisition. Teachers besides need to offer pupil a credit/ class for their part. This may assist pupils to take part and besides curtail the possibility of one individual making all the work on the group. These schemes are of import because some pupils may make non desire to portion their work with others.Raman and Ryan ( 2005 ) states that a scaling policy is of import when utilizing engineering to make cognition and promote pupils to take part. Therefore, web 2.0 engineering requires new schemes for measuring pupils. Using web 2.0 besides require a alteration in function of instructors from authorization to steer and ease acquisition. Teachers need to travel from the conventional instruction methods to methods that engage pupils in activities that create new cognition. The function of pupils have to alter from being a inactive dependant scholar to an active and independent scholar. With the web 2.0 engineering, pupils need to be active in making and sharing content with collaborative accomplishments instead than devouring information. They have to take duty for their work and reflect on their acquisition every bit good as assist each other to develop their acquisition by sharing their cognition. Deci and Ryan ( 2002 ) province that to heighten the fulfilment of liberty in scholars, it is of import to give them chances for pick, executing personal ends, values and inspiration. Implementing such attack is non easy. This is because instruction system is capable to many external force per unit areas and they are non able to fulfill the demands of pupils. The instance surveies demonstrate that Webs 2.0 have great potency for back uping acquisition. In peculiar, web 2.0 provides the chance for making and sharing cognition. It besides allows users to prosecute in conversation and support each other. web 2.0 besides support personalization. Social package applications can be used as a tool for sharing cognition and personal learning.For illustration, web logs can be used as an single home page for hive awaying personal resources and societal activities. However, despite many benefits of web 2.0 engineerings in instruction, the instance surveies indicate that a figure of instructors failed to ease active interaction among students.Pelgrum ( 2003 ) argue that a assortment of alterations must be implemented to optimise instructors use of information communicating engineering: alterations in teaching method, redesigning the appraisal, supplying chance for liberty, supplying instructors with sufficient support, supplying equal clip for instructors to develop new accomplishments and research the integrating of ICT into their instruction patterns, supplying formal and informal communities of pattern and equal webs. However, implementing web 2.0 engineerings depends on following conditions: Web 2.0 functionality, their fittingness for peculiar activities – tantrum for the purpose- and the users ‘ cognition of the tools used. ( B ) the beliefs and attitudes toward web 2.0 engineerings ( C ) The users ‘ cognition and accomplishments in making and sharing cognition ( D ) supplying support and appropriate guidelines for utilizing web 2.0 engineerings and the function of instructors and their abilities to promote pupils to make and portion their cognition. ( E ) A civilization of openness ( A ) Web 2.0 Functionality The university of Wolverhampton implemented the web 2.0 engineering in larning resource Centre to maintain pupils and academic staff up to day of the month with electronic resources every bit good as portion their thoughts together through web log engineering.One of the chief findings in the rating of the web 2.0 engineering harmonizing to Jo Alcock, Wolverhampton ‘s Learning resource Librarian, was the deficiency of consciousness and uncertainness about utilizing web 2.0 engineering. He says that †there is a demand for protagonism of the benefits † . He states that one of the barriers in utilizing web 2.0 is the opposition to alter, peculiarly among senior directors. Furthermore, he explains that implementing web 2.0 require a alteration in our civilization. Web 2.0 engineerings require a great clip to research the potency of web 2.0 in advancing instruction and acquisition. Pelgrum ( 2003 ) states that equal clip are needed for instructors to develop new accomplis hments. The motive of instructors to pass clip beyond the call of responsibility is of import in utilizing engineering. Teachers have of import function to make activities to acquire pupils think about benefits of web 2.0 engineering. A figure of surveies indicate that there is correlativity between sensed easiness of usage A ; percieved utility and usage of engineering ( eg Davis 1989 ) . Therefore, if instructors perceive that web 2.0 engineerings are good for advancing pupils ‘ acquisition, they are likely to utilize them in their schoolroom. Furthermore, the University of Warwick found that some pupils used the web log for societal activity while others used it for academic authorship. The pupils used the web log in different ways to run into their demands. Therefore, web 2.0 support diverse demands of personal acquisition. This different utilizations of web logs supports the possible benefits of utilizing web logs as a tool for personal acquisition. ( B ) Beliefs and attitudes Brown and Adle ( 2008 ) argue that web 2.0 engineering requires a displacement in attitude towards cognition building and acquisition among the university faculty.There are some factors, which might promote and actuate instructors: providing resources for instructors to utilize the tools, take parting on a regular basis in professional interaction and activities and back uping societal package activities. Harmonizing to societal cognitive theory ( Bandura, 2001 ) , the encouragement and positive feedback from others can act upon the person ‘s belief refering the ability to success on specific undertakings. Furthermore, he states that anterior experience is a cardinal factor in utilizing technology.Teachers who knows little about utilizing societal package applications unlikely to utilize them. On the other manus, instructors who have experience in utilizing the tools are likely to utilize them. ( C ) Skills and cognition The instance surveies indicate that participants ‘ cognition and accomplishments are of import in the success of collaborative activities facilitated by web 2.0. Dillenbourg ( 1999 ) identified four attacks which can increase interaction among scholars. First, he argues that planing an appropriate status is of import to develop interaction among scholars, and every state of affairs requires different status. For illustration, ‘should the instructor organise pupils into groups or allow pupils themselves get into groups ‘ depend on different state of affairs and careful programs. Second, in a collaborative acquisition, it is of import for instructors to put up regulations for interaction for illustration ‘everybody in the group should give his or her sentiment ‘ . Third, instructors need to supervise the interaction between pupils and supply remarks, Fourth, the instructors need to specify a clear specification of functions within coaction activities. Alth ough the regulations and conditions are of import in order to develop interaction among scholars, single members of groups should larn and understand the demand of working in a group in order to finish their undertakings. Five hundred Culture of openness The success of web 2.0 engineering in instruction requires profound alterations in civilization and above all the purpose of instruction. Implementing web 2.0 engineerings besides depends on coaction and showing our thoughts freely without control. This besides requires societal encouragements and a civilization of working openly that has strategic benefits in instruction and acquisition. Decision This survey uses the illustrations of wiki and web log engineering to understand how it could be used to ease acquisition among pupils. Specifically, I study a figure of instances to understand how web 2.0 schemes can be used to back up larning in academic scenes. .The initial findings suggest that web 2.0 engineering support coaction and sharing cognition. However, implementing web 2.0 engineerings in instruction demand ( a ) careful analysis of user demands for web 2.0 engineering, ( B ) buttocks what teachers do, why do, and how they do it, ( C ) assess what instructors want to accomplish and ( D ) assess how they may be able to accomplish their aims utilizing web 2.0 engineering. Therefore, utilizing web 2.0 engineerings requires conditions: new signifiers of teaching method in instruction and acquisition, promoting coaction, consistently measuring pupils ‘ demands and activities. A figure of surveies have reported that some instructors encountered with many jobs in incorpo rating web 2.0 engineerings in their instruction and acquisition. These jobs include minimum communicating, hapless quality contemplation on the class stuffs and so on. In reexamining many failed reform attempts in instruction, fullan ( 1993 ) concluded that the hardest job is to construct successful coaction among instructors, pupils and other professionals. How to cite Use Of Web Technologies In Education Education Essay, Essay examples

Possible Causes of Anxiety/ Hypertension in Young People

Questions: 1. What are the possible causes of hypertension in young people?2. How and where are catecholamines synthesized?3. How do catecholamines control blood pressure and heart rate?4. Why was it necessary for the G.P. measure urine catecholamines?5. What does a high urinary metanephrine concentration indicate? Answers: This assignment is based on the case study of Miss Chan, who is a 26 years old woman, having chest pain, sweating, extreme anxiety and abdominal pain with an increased heart rate. She was having these issues over the past few months and observed that, these issues arise after any kind of hard work. Miss Chan also has a family history of death due to heart disease. Therefore, her case needs significant care and consideration. Her reports also show high blood pressure and high pulse rate. 1. In middle age, elevated blood pressure has been found to affect the lifestyle of young adults, especially at the age of twenty five, which enhances the risk of clogged heart arteries by the middle age, found by a U. S. study. It was also found by Acton (2012) that, in young adulthood, hypertension is connected with the high risk of calcium build up in heart arteries at the age of twenty five, which enhances the risk of blood clogging. The reason behind hypertension and calcium build up can be said to be the result of lifestyle changes. At this age, diet changes, hormonal changes and lack of exercise are the important causes of hypertension in young people. There are a number of other health issues, which enhances the risk of hypertension in young adults (Damanhuri, 2012). These include drugs, lifestyle, consumption of unhealthy street food, changes in life style and nutritional diet, hyperthyroidism and aldosteronism. The secondary causes of hypertension include ABCDE, obstructive sleep apnea; Bruits; catecholamines, coartation and cushings syndrome; drugs and diet as well as endocrine and erythropoietin disorders. In case of Miss Chan, her physical examination showed elevated blood pressure of 110/180 and excessive sweating. The cause of her symptoms could be due to elevated catecholamine levels, which play an important role in establishing white-coat hypertension and OSA. She was also diagnosed to have abdomen pain, which indicate the presence of abdominal bruits. The result of plasma also indicates the role of catecholamines in the elevated level of blood pressure (Eiden, 2013). The urine report of Miss Chan indicated elevated levels of metanephrine, adrenaline, noradrenaline in blood plasma, indicating elevated levels of hypertension. 2. Catecholamines are the monoamines, which are organic compounds having a catechol group along with an amine in the chain. These are derivatives of biological amino acids and have significant function in the regulatory pathways. The catecholamines have been derived from atyrosine amino acids. These are bound to plasma proteins in circulation and are water soluble (Eleftheriou and Scott 2012). The catecholamine groups include epinephrine or adrenaline, norepinephrine or noradrenaline and dopamine produced from tyrosine and phenylalanine. These epinephrines and norepinephrines are secreted from the adrenal medulla of adrenal glands. These are called stress hormones, which are secreted in response to any stress situation. As in the case of Miss Chan, when she rushes from garden towards her room to receive a phone call, such hormones are secreted as a response of sudden stress and disturbance in the bodys homeostasis. This class of hormones has a distinct structure, a benzene ring with two hydroxyl groups, along with an intermediate ethyl chain and a terminal amine group. The catecholamines are produced by the chroimaffin cells in the adrenal medulla and the postganglionic fibers in the human nervous system (Goldstein 2013). On the other hand, being a neurotransmitter dopamine is widely produced in the neuronal cell bodies within two areas of brainstem, the ventral tegmental area and the substantia nigra. Within these catecholamines, from DOPA, dopamine is first synthesized.. The epinephrine and norepinephrines are then produced after metabolic modification of dopamine. Tyrosine hydroxylase oxidizes tyrosine thereby form DOPA or Dihydroxyphenylalanine (Ice and James 2012). Then DOPA decarboxylase releases carbon dioxide from DOPA and the resultant substance is Dopamine. Then Dopamine hydroxylase modifies dopamine to produce norepinephrine. From the final product, epinephrine is being produced by methylation, where SAM acts as a methyl donor group. In this reaction, the first step by tyrosine hydroxylase is the rate-limiting step for biosynthesis of catecholamines. Figure: Synthesis of Catecholamines (Source: Klabunde 2012) 3. Catecholamines act on heart and blood vessels in the case via alpha and beta adrenoceptors. Catecholamines include adrenaline, noradrenaline and dopamine. These are neurotransmitters, released in the synaptic junctions, where they act as stimuli of stress response by the brain. Catecholamines act on alpha and beta adrenergic receptors, after releasing response against stress (Sorriento et. 2012). Catecholamines enhance the heart beat rate, by narrowing blood vessels and by causing rise in blood pressure. The major reason behind catecholamine related heart beat increases the enhancement of intracellular concentration of cyclic-AMP. The beta1 enhances the concentration of intracellular cycle-AMP (Kuchel et al. 2012). The cyclic-AMP is a secondary messenger, which acts on the activity of protein kinase A. The PKA is a kinase, which has a property of adding phosphate group on its substances, thereby activating those substances. The activated protein kinase A phosphorylates some specif ied sites of calcium channels, which also includes alpha1-subunits. The phosphorylation of calcium channels modifies the composition and helps the channels to open. . The open calcium channels allow calcium ions to enter. The enhanced concentration of intracellular calcium ion enhances the probability of cardiac contraction. By the similar mechanism, it increases the calcium ion gathered by sarcoplasmic reticulum. The result would be the enhanced amount of calcium stored in the intracellular endoplasmic reticulum (Manger and Gifford 2012). Hence, this also enhances the probability of calcium ion availability in the intracellular vesicles, which could be released for potential action.. Therefore, the net result is an elevated ventricular function. Norepinephrine is an agonist of alpha and beta-1 receptors and produces vasoconstriction without vasodilation component. As a result, direct positive inotropuc and chronotropic effects are exerted and finally it enhances peripheral vascular resistance, pulse pressure and arterial pressure. Epinephrine is an agonist of alpha and beta receptors. It enhances vasodilation and vasoconstriction (Michalkiewicz 2013). The effects of resulted inotrophic and chronotropic actions involve peripheral resistance and increased pulse pressure. Dopamine is the agonist of dopamine D1 receptors. However, at high concentration dopamine acts as agonist of alpha-1 receptors and enhances the release of norepinephrine from synaptic terminals. Dopamine decreases peripheral vascular resistance and increases pulse pressure and mean arterial blood pressure, by interacting with D1 receptor, which enhances vasodylation. The beta-induced enhancement in stroke volume and heart rate resulted in high cardiac output a nd raised systolic BP and enhanced pulse pressure (Mooren 2012). 4. The presence of catecholamines in plasma indicates the level of stress in the patient. Being the stress hormone, the effect of these hormones is significant in examining the case of blood pressure and hypertension. The Catecholamine Urine Test is used for identifying signs of pheochromocytoma. Sometimes this kind of tumor grows in the adrenal gland and promotes the synthesis of catecholamines (Oemisch 2012). Sometimes, it would help to detect the presence of neuroblastoma, however, this kind of tumors are more common in children. However, in case of Miss Chan, doctors have prescribed for catecholamine urine test to detect the presence of pheochromocytoma. This tumor enhances the release of hormones from adrenal glands in response to stress, it can cause high blood pressure, excessive sweating, rapid heartbeats, all of these signs are present in Miss Chan, so the suggestion for this test to Miss Chan is an appropriate diagnosis. The result showed elevated levels of catecholamines c oncentration in blood plasma and urine of Miss Chan. The result showed that, Miss Chan has 6175 nmol/24 hrs of metanephrine in her urine sample, whereas the normal range is 375 to 1506 nmol/24 hrs. It is indicting that, Miss Chan is having excessive amount of metabolic products of such hormones in her urine sample (Radermacher et al. 2013). It indicates that, there are some irregularities in hormonal balance, and these stress hormones are the major reason behind her symptoms of acute chest pain, high blood pressure, anxiety and increased pulse rate. Therefore, there is a chance of the presence of a pheochromocytoma tumor. The result would be confirmed with further tests. 5. In the case of Miss Chan, her blood plasma and urine samples were tested for measuring the amount of stress hormones in body fluids. The presence of elevated levels of stresses hormones and its derivates indicate that some hormone imbalance is created in the body, thereby enhancing the formation and release of stress hormone from the adrenal gland (Santiago 2012). The primary catecholamines are broken down into the metabolic metanephrines and normetanephrines. The metanephrine is a metabolic derivative of the result, which indicates the presence of stress hormones or catecholamines. Therefore, the presence of metanephrine in the urine indicates the secretion of excessive amount of catecholamines, which enhances blood pressure and pulse rates along with additional symptoms (Wenzel et al. 2012). The elevated level of metanephrine in blood indicates the presence of pheochromocytomas, which is a rare tumor. This test would be followed by confirmatory tests, which would be applicable t o Miss Chan. Reference List Acton, Q. (2012). Pheochromocytomas. Atlanta: Scholarly Editions. Damanhuri, M. (2012). Catecholamines and stress. North Ryde, N.S.W.: Macquarie University. Eiden, L. (2013). Catecholamine research in the 21st Century. London: Academic Press. Eiden, L. (2013). Catecholamine research in the 21st Century. London: Academic Press. Eleftheriou, B. and Scott, J. (2012). Physiology of Aggression and Defeat. Boston: Springer US. Goldstein, D. (2013). Plasma catecholamines and essential hypertension. An analytical review. Hypertension, 5(1), pp.86-99. Ice, G. and James, G. (2012). Measuring stress in humans. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Klabunde, R. (2012). Cardiovascular physiology concepts. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams Wilkins/Wolters Kluwer. Klabunde, R. (2012). Cardiovascular physiology concepts. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams Wilkins/Wolters Kluwer. Kuchel, O., Buu, N. and Serri, O. (2012). Sulfoconjugation of catecholamines, nutrition, and hypertension. Hypertension, 4(5_Pt_2), pp.III93-III93. Manger, W. and Gifford, R. (2012). Pheochromocytoma. New York: Springer New York. Michalkiewicz, M. (2013). Response: Hypotension and Reduced Catecholamines in Neuropeptide Y Transgenic Rats. Hypertension. Mooren, F. (2012). Encyclopedia of Exercise Medicine in Health and Disease. Oemisch, M. (2012). Contribution of catecholamines to visual working memory in the macaque monkey. Kingston, Ont.: [publisher not identified]. Radermacher, P., Huber-Lang, M. and Thiemermann, C. (2013). Catecholamines and the Septic Heart. Shock, 39(4), pp.404-405. Santiago, J. (2012). Determination of catecholamine induced changes in vascular connexin function and expression. Sorriento, D., Santulli, G., Del Giudice, C., Anastasio, A., Trimarco, B. and Iaccarino, G. (2012). Endothelial Cells Are Able to Synthesize and Release Catecholamines Both In Vitro and In Vivo. Hypertension, 60(1), pp.129-136. Wenzel, U., Stange, D. and Dasing, R. (2012). A simple test to appreciate compliance with antihypertensive drug therapy. Journal of Hypertension, 30(3), p.624.

Religion in Cross-Cultural Psychology Essay Example

Religion in Cross-Cultural Psychology Essay Religion is an array of practices and/or beliefs often capitalizing on the abstract elements of nature/environment; inclusive to this tenet is supernaturalism, cosmology, spiritualism, moralism and mysticism. Religion, being the most basic of all socio-cultural institutions, has enormous influence on the people’s way of living regardless of the timeframe and the location. It often defines the moral codes and practices of a particular group/genre across varying cultures and as such it is often described as a ‘way of life’ or ‘public stance’. Cross-cultural psychology involves the study of human behavior and mental process under various cultural settings and as such, one of its major objective is to define possible ‘universalities’ (etic approach) and ‘variances’(emic approach) in the mental processes and behavior of individual members of the society and/or different societies or culture. Religion being an important element or aspect of sociological and cultural realms, it is of huge import that we fully integrate the study of religion into cross-cultural research. The subsequent paper discusses the ‘need’ or the roles of ‘religion in cross cultural research. In relation to this, one aspect of psychologypersonality is assessed for religion using different religious genres. II. Religion’s Place in Cross-Cultural Studies We will write a custom essay sample on Religion in Cross-Cultural Psychology specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Religion in Cross-Cultural Psychology specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Religion in Cross-Cultural Psychology specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer It has been a generally accepted notion that religion plays an important role on human behavior. Freud (1927), the major proponent of psychoanalytic theory, acknowledged the influence of religion on identity; that is more of a neurotic impulse attempting to get control over the sensory world. Religion occupies important roles in the standards of living of different races, cultural groups and individuals.   As Lindebacke (1984) stipulated—[religion is a] kind of cultural and/or linguistic framework or medium that shapes the entirety of life and thought†¦ it is similar to an idiom that makes possible the description of realities, the formulation of beliefs, and the experiencing of inner attitudes, feelings, and sentiments. Religion can also predict patterns of behavior for important life domains all over the world (Tarakeshwaret al, 2003). Religion for instance, play a good ‘indicator’ for patterning broad categories of [fixed] personalityopenness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness and neuroticismacross different cultures. Take for instance, considerable variances between the behavior of the Moslems and the Christians exposed to same kind of stress and environment; similarly, Buddhist Chinese and Islamic Indians would react differently given the same kind of situation. Such psychological universals—invariant patterns of thinking, feeling and acting are affected by religion and likewise, cultural context. It is inevitable that culture would likewise affect and/or shape religious beliefs and practices ((Tarakeshwaret al, 2003).. Patterns of behavior [and its norms] for a particular religious group is defined consciously or not by its environing culture. Ultimately, religion exerts strong influences for cross-cultural dimensions primarily because it creates conflict and variances across different religious [and cultural] clusters. Religion should be fully integrated into cross-cultural studies because of the reasons stated above. As a research tool, it occupies a substantial role; a social and cultural construct; a behavioral predictor; affected by culture; and effector of cross-cultures. IV. Personality, Culture, and Religion One may ask: to what degree does culture and religion affect the personality of a person? Going beyond the psychological self is the ‘social self’ an extension of personality that is hugely effected by the predisposition of environmental factors that governs the society. Religion being imminent archetypes for distinct cultures demonstrates a degree of relativity when it comes to the individual traits and, at the whole, the personality of their members. The social relationship ending with the biophysical birth, and the series of events that will naturally follow, demands that the individual react/respond to this imposed relation. Thus cultural acquisition and perception of religion is ipso facto the growth of personality. In a way, we described that some personalities may be ‘universal’, some ‘common’ and ‘others’ as ‘eccentric’. As some anthropologists would say, acculturation is acquisition of personality. Religiosity as a cultural construct correlates to personality in a way that it defines the behavior and the morales of a person; it is a social support system where perceptions and personality play key roles for cognitive responses and eventually into established forms of behavior. Take for instance, higher post-traumatic growth is linked with those bearing stronger religious beliefs in Israeli adolescents. The idea is that religion reduces demoralisation and provides hope and meaning. Neuroticism, one of the five big personality types, has higher predisposition towards PTG. On the holistic view, the adoption of trait/personality is identified by preference/depiction of culture and ethos tied to it. III. Individual Differences in Religion Effecting Personality Traits The five broad personalities provide a descriptive and non-theoretical model for personalityopenness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness and neuroticismand is used to quantify statistical aggregates which can predict an individual’s behavior. Described in the following is a summary view for the definitum of the five big traits: (1) openness is the general appreciation for art, emotion, adventure, unusual ideas, imagination, curiosity, and variety of experience; (2) conscientiousness is the tendency to show self-discipline, act dutifully, and aim for achievement a tendency to show self-discipline, act dutifully, and aim for achievement; (3) extraversion s characterized by positive emotions, urgency, and the tendency to seek out stimulation and the company of others; (4) agreeableness is the tendency to be compassionate and cooperative rather than suspicious and antagonistic towards others; and (5) neuroticism is the tendency to experience negative emotions, such as anger, anxiety, or depression. The five personality traits are affected by heritability, development, sex differences, birth order, and culture (Pervin and John, 1999). Studies indicate that the ‘five personality traits’ that same factor structure and developmental trends for childhood and adulthood appear similar for all cultures. The interaction of culture and personality, as previously mentioned in the latter pages, shaped the behavior of individuals and social groups. The adoption of a particular trait is a reflection of adoptation and/or development as an output of the individual self and the cultural context. Take for instance, Protestant women have higher predisposition to pursue greater freedom than the covered fundamentalist Islams. Religion, a social construct, denotes collectivist ideology; that is individuals are integrated into groups by a set of beliefs and morales. Additionally, religion is somewhat linked into filial lineage; consequently, first-borns are found to be more religious than one can expect from latter-borns. Saroglou (2002) found a constant link between religion and high conscientiousness, conservatism, and traditionalism. What is the personality correlates of religion? The normative concept is that individual beliefs in religious attitudes, beliefs, and practices reflect individual variations in personality traits that is some consistencies are observed between what he/she may think, feel or behave. Saroglou (2002) reveals that religious people tend to be high in agreeableness and conscientiousness. Specificity for religious dimension is observed for the other remaining traits; fundamentalism is linked to low openness to experience; extrinsic religiosity to neuroticism; charismatic religion to extraversion. Religiosity can also become a cultural characteristic adaptation to those who are genetically and environmentally agreeable and conscientious. Delving deeper into the specific facets of the NEO-P-IR model revealed many interesting outlook into the behavioral patterns for religiosity. Competence is not necessarily for a religious individual but orderliness is. Additionally, extraversion and impulsiveness is not necessarily a trait for a religious individual. A degree of introversion is expected for openness to values and a high degree of acceptance is expected for them. Proactive and inhibitive aspects of conscientiousness were linked to conscientiousness and high anxiety and vulnerability, neuroticism factors, were positively correlated to religiosity. Saroglou and Muà ±oz-Garcia (2008) conducted a study on Spanish Catholic cohorts and found that high neuroticism was associated with extrinsically religious people which was explained by their guilt and fear of the divine judgment. Except ‘warmth’ all extraversion traits were found lacking in the sample population. Additionally, low assertiveness was correlated to high emotional religion which can be explained that these individuals turn to religion for security so as to improve their self-image. Spirituality however is more inclined towards openness for novelty and fantasy than religiosity. V. Summary and Conclusion Reviewed in the article are implicit reasons why religion should be fully-integrated into cross-cultural research. Religion is a social and cultural construct; a behavioral predictor; affected by culture; and effector of cross-cultures. Herein evaluated is the implication of religion as effectors of cross-cultures and as a behavioral predictor. Herein the Five Big Traits and their specific facets are predicted for religiosity. nbsp; References Freud, S. (1972). The future of an illusion (J. Strachey, Trans.). New York: Norton. Lindbeck, G. (1984).   Nature of Doctrine. Louisville: Westminster/John Knox Press. Pervin L. A. O. P. John (Eds.).(1999). Handbook of personality: Theory and research. NY: Guilford Press. Saroglou, V. (2002). Religion and the five factors of personality: A meta-analytic review. Personality and Individual Difference,s 32:15-25. Saroglou, V., Muà ±oz-Garcà ­a, A. (2008). Individual differences in religion and spirituality: An issue of personality traits and/or values. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 47, 83-101. Tarakeswar N. et. al (2003). Religion: An Overlooked Dimension in Cross-Cultural Psychology. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 34( 4): 377-394.

Justice in America essays

Justice in America essays We live in a country that was created on the foundation of correcting the minor problems of the countries before us that caused those countries to be non-successful in their justice-keeping abilities at the time. What I mean is that when the delegates from all across the early states gathered to write the declaration of independence, they based it on making a more perfect union. They wanted to correct the problems of the nations before ours. They wanted to fix the problems of the nations that they left because of the tyranny, injustice and bad things that were happening there. And thus they came and made this great nation that is still thriving for perfection. So we want to be a perfect nation, and that means peace and justice for all. But what does justice really mean? And how do we know if what we have is really true justice? Well, I would define justice by saying that it is the correcting of wrongs. When someone who stole a car or robbed a bank is caught and properly punished, that, to me, is justice. And when a person who had been wrongly accused of a serious crime is given an early releasing by being found innocent after only a few years lost, that, to me, is justice. Finally, in this nation, we have a sufficient amount of justice, but there is always room for more. If we keep working together as a nation, then im sure that we could form that ideal perfect nation. ...

Aviation Safety Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Aviation Safety - Assignment Example The twelve human factors associated with accidents have been dubbed the Dirty Dozen model. Gordon Dupont, in 1993, came up with this concept while working in Canada and initiated a human performance in airplane maintenance and training programs. This has since served as a keystone of human factors in airplane maintenance. Although the Dirty Dozen does not provide the most comprehensive list of factors that underlie airplane accidents, it offers a useful starting point to discuss the human error in crises and mishaps. Dirty Dozen has model has led to increased concern in human errors behind airline accidents (Wise et al. 2011). Indeed, by addressing human factors, airlines are becoming safer by the day. This paper presents an analysis of the Dirty Dozen model in connection to the Alaska Airline’s accident, which left passengers and crewmembers in flight 261 dead. This paper also shows the role that this model plays in preventing airline accidents. Alaska Airlines reported a serious accident on 31 January 2000 when McDonnell Douglas, flight 261, crashed and killed 83 passengers, 2 pilots and 3 crewmembers. The accident that occurred in the Pacific Ocean around 4.3 kilometers parts of Anacapa Island left the plane completely damaged because of the impact. Flying from Diaz to California, Flight 261 was to have several stops that complied with aviation regulations. Visual weather-related situations prevailed for the airline as shown by meteorological flight instruments. A thorough investigation followed the accident, and the National Transportation Safety Board presented the possible cause of the mishap (NTSB 2000). An analysis of the National Transportation Safety Board showed that the possible because of an airplane crash was a loss of the pitch control for the aircraft.

PUBLIC HOSPITAL SAFETY AND HEALTHCARE MANAGEMENT Essay

PUBLIC HOSPITAL SAFETY AND HEALTHCARE MANAGEMENT - Essay Example A survey comprising of about 1,000 telephonic interviews revealed that many people feel it is quite common for patients to be harmed when they are in the hospital. People were not confident that their doctor or the concerned staff would let them know if they had made an error. More than 70% of the people do not know where they can complain about such errors. They do not know who the concerned authorities are and they also want to be aware of the organizations responsible for hospital safety. The number of victims of hospital infections and medical harm is alarmingly high. Studies show that 1 in every 4 patients have suffered in some way due to hospital-acquired infections, surgical errors, and medication mistakes. Then, there are cases of diagnostic mistakes, inattentive care, etc. As many as 180,000 people die every year due to these causes not to mention the additional costs which are involved to rectify these errors which amount to almost $4.4 billion every year. Consumer Union ha s helped to pass laws which require hospitals throughout the nation to report hospital infections. Hospitals throughout the country are required to track and report when patients get central line-associated bloodstream infections (CLABSIs) in intensive care units in order to get an annual  2% Medicare payment increase. ... This law attempts to address underreporting of these errors by requiring hospitals to report all medical harm rather than those covered by the â€Å"never event† list. Hospitals failing to report will face a penalty. The state has to validate the accuracy of the data. ARTICLE 2 Bacterial Infections: Good, Bad, and Deadly There are many types of bacteria in the human body. Most of them are harmless and some of them are even beneficial to us. Cystitis is one which causes infections in the bladder. Bladder infection or urinary tract infection in pregnant women if detected early can be easily treated. But if it is not treated then it can lead to kidney infection causing complications for both mother and the child. Another kind of bacterial infection the Group B Strep infection is carried in the vagina. It can lead to meningitis and blood-borne infections. Group B strep infection can be easily prevented if tested. Chorioamnionitis or amnionitis is an uncommon bacterial infection wh ich affects the uterus, amniotic sac, and fetus. A pelvic exam during the last trimester could cause premature rupture of membranes. Women who smoke and those with past experiences of water breaking and chlamydia infections have a greater risk of premature rupture. This infection can be treated only after the baby is delivered. The Listeria bacteria is another infection causing bacteria that travels through the intestinal wall and spreads to other organs as pregnant women generally have weak immune systems. There are some bacterial infections that affect people with weakened immune systems. The most common of them is bacterial meningitis. It is an infection of the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord. Infection may cause tissues around the brain to

Engineering Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Engineering - Essay Example The few types of engineering that are minimally constrained by such issues are pro bono engineering and open design engineering. Engineering has often been seen as a more or less dull, uninteresting field in popular culture, and has also been thought to be the domain of nerds. For example, the cartoon character Dilbert is an engineer. Engineers are seen to be respected yet ridiculed for their intense beliefs and interests, which might owe its origin to the fact that they have deep understanding of the interconnectedness of many things. Thus, engineers such as Governor John H. Sununu, New York City Mayor Michael Bloomberg and Nuclear Physicist Edward Teller, are often driven into politics to "fix things" for the public good. While it appears as though Engineers still only need a bachelor's degree to obtain a lucrative position that receives respect from the public, in fact it is only through a life-time of devotion to their field and the further advancement of their own technical knowledge that they might arrive at such a destination. While the origin charts out as simply as possible, the journey of the engineer from days of stone tools to a variety of mechanisms and the mechanics that facilitate easy functioning, the category of "what makes an Engineer" shows us the ingredients t... ible, the journey of the engineer from days of stone tools to a variety of mechanisms and the mechanics that facilitate easy functioning, the category of "what makes an Engineer" shows us the ingredients that an engineer is made up and the factors that co exist in his professional live to churn out ideas, designs and actual solutions. Moving onto the issue of the importance of an engineer, one can safely state that engineers have an effect upon the kind of world we thrive in out of all proportion to their numbers, making it important for all of us to understand how they choose and plan the changes they make, for these are the things that influence, strongly and directly, the way we live from day to day. The Engineer's current plight is then described in terms of structural, administrative, participative and perceptional points. An Engineer's level of functioning is compared to various other streams in terms of his contribution and declining numbers. This point also serves as an introduction to the model proposed for the betterment of an Engineer's status in society today, in context of reasons as to why the world needs to sit up and take notice of the efforts of these professionals whose lives are dedicated to making ours' more worthwhile. Summary 4 The Socially Integrative Model covers the following points: Development of State of the Art Institutions Integrated Training Programs Orientation in Influence & Participation Issues Increased Cultural Presence Representative Bodies for Professional Engineers The synthesis of this study and presentation lie in this five tier model, which has been arrived at as a result of a great amount of research as well as interaction with various Engineers from varied streams, who have worked in various time periods ranging from

The Tlatelolco Massacre Night Of Bloodshed And Tears History Essay

The Tlatelolco Massacre Night Of Bloodshed And Tears History Essay The Plaza of the Three Cultures, known as the Plaza de las Tres Culturas in Spanish, symbolizes Mexicos unique cultural heritage. La Plaza de las Tres Culturas was once the center of one of the most powerful Native American empires, the Aztecs, located in the ancient city of Tlatelolco. The square contains the remains of the Aztec temples and is flanked by the Colonial Cathedral of Santiago, and the Secretaria de Relaciones Exteriores (Department of Foreign of Affairs) building. Las Tres Culturas is in recognition of the three periods of Mexican history reflected by those buildings: pre-Columbian, Spanish colonial, and the independent mestizo nation. The plaza not only represents three cultures but is an important reminder of the Mexican spirit of determination. It is the site where the Aztecs made their final stand against the Spanish army in 1521 and the massacre of 1968. It has been called Mexicos Tiananmen Square, Mexicos Kent State. During the presidency of Gustavo Dà ­az Ordaz (1964-1970), there were several antecedents to the 1968 student confrontations with the Mexican government, but nothing comparable to the Tlatelolco Massacre that occurred on the night of October 2, 1968, in Mexico Citys Plaza de las Tres Culturas. Background The year1968 was a year of political turmoil around the world. The International Olympic Committeeheaded by Avery Brundage from the U.S.had chosen Mexico as the first Third World country ever to host the Olympic Games. This was aimed both to draw oppressed countries into imperialist-dominated world sport and to showcase Mexico as a model of U.S.-sponsored growth and relative stability. Mexico was supposed to provide a contrast to the national liberation struggles which were shaking most of Latin America, Asia, and Africa and sparking rebellions in the imperialist citadels from Detroit to Paris as well. To date, no other Latin America country has subsequently hosted the Olympic Games. The Mexican government invested a massive $150 million in preparations for the Olympics, an ostentatious amount considering the poverty that existed in Mexico. The Mexican president during the Olympics, Gustavo Dà ­az Ordaz ineptly strained tenuous conditions in Mexico in an attempt to preserve the peac e. During the Dà ­az Ordaz presidency, Mexicans endured the suppression of independent labor unions, peasant farmers, and the economy. From this general dissatisfaction with President Dà ­az Ordaz, the student movement was born. Initially their demands were limited to greater employment and respect for university autonomy; however, the struggles of the factory workers and rural peasants soon resonated with them. This movement of rebellious students was touched off on July 24 when a fight between gangs at two high schools connected with the longtime rivals, the Mexican National Autonomous University (UNAM) and National Politechnical Institute (IPN, or Poli), was viciously put down by antiriot police called granaderos. When outraged vocational students protested, granaderos attacked again, killing many. In response, students seized buses and put up barricades to defend their schools. Student strikes and takeovers hit high schools all over the capital. The high school students were supported by UNAM and IPN students. Students from 70 universities and preparatory schools in Mexico formed a grassroots National Strike Council (CNH) and put forward six strike demands: disband the granaderos; fire police chiefs; investigate and punish higher officials responsible for the repression; pay compensation for students killed and injured; repeal laws making social dissolutionbreaking down of societya crime (under these laws many independent unionists and communists had been jailed); and free political prisoners, including students arrested in the recent disturbances as well as those seized earlier for social dissolution. Within three days the government had to call in the army to take back several Mexico City prepas (preparatoriashigh schools connected to universities). There were clashes which led to many hundreds of arrests and injuries. Thirty-two students had been killed since the first confrontation, but this only fired up the youths resistance. The student strike spread to the UNAM, IPN, and universities throughout the country, supported by a majority of professors. By late August and September the students were calling marches of 300,000 to 600,000 people; important contingents of workers and peasants participated regularly. Over the coming months, the student movement gained support from students outside the capital and other segments of society that continued to build until that October, despite several instances of violence. CNH Tactics Student brigades strained their creativity and skills to foil police and get the word out. Engineering students designed balloons which would burst when they got to a certain height and rain leaflets on the heads of pedestrians. Acting students put on realistic street theater in which a student and a conservative woman in pearls and heels carried out loud debates in crowded markets. Hundreds of observers would be drawn in, the majority on the side of the youth, and the advanced would be quietly contacted by undercover students in the crowd. Some students found that they and the barrio or slum dwellers spoke what seemed to be two different languages. They had to throw out bookish talk and learn from the vivid calà ³ slang of the streets. After a full day of brigade work, they would spend the night in classrooms they had taken over, discussing the conditions and outrages the masses had exposed them to and figuring out how to use this new knowledge in their leaflets and agitation. The red and white buses of the IPN, always with some daring students and a loudspeaker perched on the roof, became famous for a kind of roving speak-in. Workers, market vendors, and even mariachi singers would climb up on the bus roof one after another to voice their support or disagreement with the students demands or tactics and to air their grievances. In some neighborhoods, just the appearance of an IPN bus was enough to immediately attract crowds of hundreds of people who would gather around. Students captured the spirit of the people in a way that the national government was never able to do. In fact, the national government was despised by its people. Mexican Government The turmoil of the 1960s in part reflected a widespread dissatisfaction among Mexicans with the rule of the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI). The PRI was aptly described in 1968 as entrenched, stagnant, and primarily self-serving in the eyes of many Mexicans. The PRI controlled the nation with an iron fist for over 70 consecutive years. The party has been known to use violence, manipulation and corruption to win elections and hide information from the public, such as the details concerning the Tlatelolco massacre. President Gustavo Diaz Ordaz was known for an authoritarian manner of rule over his cabinet and country, despite Mexico being a democratic country. Luis Escheverria, Interior Secretary to Ordaz, was also known for a no nonsense attitude against student protesters. The Mexican governments planned response to the student rally on the evening of October 2 was called Operation Galeano. The most definitive account of this operation, culminating with the Tlatelolco Massacre, is found in a Mexican special prosecutors report released in November 2006. According to this report, early on October 2 elements of the militarys Estado Mayor Presidencial (the Presidential High Command) were placed in apartments on the upper floors of the Chihuahua apartment building and other apartment buildings surrounding Tlatelolcos Plaza de las Tres Culturas. Once the rally started, the Army, using from 5,000 to 10,000 soldiers (the accounts varying) and more than 300 tanks and other vehicles, would surround the plaza to prevent those attending the rally from fleeing, while armed military men in civilian clothes, members of a unit called the Batallà ³n Olimpia that had been organized to help protect the Olympic Games, would prevent anyone from entering or leaving the Chi huahua apartment building, in which the organizers of the rally were to be arrested. The planned response of the government ended in bloodshed by the order of Luis Escheverria. Tlatelolco Massacre: The Event On October 1, the CNH held two rallies at UNAM. Speakers urged the thousands of students present to attend an October 2 rally at the Plaza de las Tres Culturas, in the Tlatelolco area of Mexico City, to be followed by a march to Casco de Santo Tomà ¡s to demand the withdrawal of authorities from the IPN campus. On October 2, 1968, approximately 10,000 people, most of them students carrying red carnations, arrived in the vast colonial plaza of Tlatelolco for a demonstration. At 6:04 p.m. green and red flares dropped from helicopters, soldiers burst into the square, tanks blocked the exits and an elite plainclothes battalion stormed the speakers platform on the third-floor balcony of an apartment building, where the National Strike Committee, the leadership body of the student movement, was stationed and opened fire. The gunfire lasted for sixty-two minutes, then started again and continued for hours. Late in the evening, when the shooting finally ceased, scores of demonstrators lay d ead and woundedchildren and the elderly among them. The official government explanation of the incident was that armed provocateurs among the demonstrators, stationed in buildings overlooking the crowd, had begun the firefight. Suddenly finding themselves sniper targets, the security forces had simply returned the shooting in self-defense. By the next morning, newspapers reported that 20 to 28 people had been killed, hundreds wounded, and hundreds more arrested. Most of the Mexican media reported that the students provoked the armys murderous response with sniper fire from the apartment buildings surrounding the plaza. El Dà ­as morning headline on October 3, 1968 read as followed: Criminal Provocation at the Tlatelolco Meeting Causes Terrible Bloodshed. The government-controlled media dutifully reported the Mexican governments side of the events that night, painting the students as trouble makers who needed to be brought to order by any and all means necessary. Olympic Games 1968 Controversy The death of hundreds did not even phase the International Olympic Committee. They did not consider to cancelling the games, due to their belief that the massacre was an isolated event involving a social minority. On October 16, 1968, an action by two African-American sprinters at the Mexico City Olympics shook the sporting world. Tommie Smith and John Carlos, the gold and bronze medalists in the mens 200-meter race, took their places on the podium for the medal ceremony barefooted and wearing civil rights badges, lowered their heads and each defiantly raised a black-gloved fist as the Star Spangled Banner was played to show their support for the student protesters and the Olympic Project for Human Rights. Some people (particularly IOC president Avery Brundage) felt that a political statement had no place in the international forum of the Olympic Games. In an immediate response to their actions, Smith and Carlos were suspended from the U.S. team by Brundage and banned from the Olympi c Village. Those who opposed the protest said the actions disgraced all Americans. Supporters, on the other hand, praised the men for their bravery. Tlatelolco Massacre: Response and Investigation Some argue that an understanding of the domestic political context within Mexico explains why the government reacted in such a harsh manner. Mexico stayed relatively isolated from other foreign powers which provided them more freedom in their ability to deal with their domestic problems. The strongest censure from abroad that Mexico received for the massacre was a mild finger wagging from the representatives of a few foreign governments. The worlds failure to confront and condemn the actions of the Mexican government fueled the killing rampage throughout Mexico in the years to follow. In 1998, President Ernesto Zedillo, on the 30th anniversary of the Tlatelolco massacre, authorized a congressional investigation into the events of October 2. However, the PRI government continued its recalcitrance (defiance of authority) and did not release official government documents pertaining to the incident. Eventually in 2001, President Vicente Fox, the historic president that ended the 70-year reign of the PRI, attempted to resolve the greatest of these unanswered questions: who had orchestrated the massacre? President Fox ordered the release of previously classified documents concerning the 1968 massacre. The documents revealed that the students did not open fire first and showed that the snipers were members of the Presidential Guard, who were instructed to fire on the military forces in order to provoke them. President Fox also appointed Ignacio Carrillo Prieto in 2002 to prosecute those responsible for ordering the massacre. In June 2006, an ailing, 84-year-old Luis Eche verrà ­a was charged with genocide in connection with the massacre. He was placed under house arrest pending trial. In early July of that year, he was cleared of genocide charges, as the judge found that Echeverrà ­a could not be put on trial because the statute of limitations had expired. However, in March 2009, after a convoluted appeal process, the genocide charges against Echeverria were completely dismissed. Despite the ruling, prosecutor Carrillo Prieto said he would continue his investigation and seek charges against Echeverria before the United Nations International Court of Justice and the Inter-American Human Rights Commission. In October 2003, the role of the U.S. government in the massacre was publicized when the National Security Archive at George Washington University published a series of records from theCIA, the Pentagon, the State Department, the FBI and the White House which were released in response to Freedom of Information Act requests. The LITEMPO documents detail: That in response to Mexican government concerns over the security of the Olympic Games the Pentagon sent military radios, weapons, ammunition and riot control training material to Mexico before and during the crisis. That the CIA station in Mexico City produced almost daily reports concerning developments within the university community and the Mexican government from July to October. Six days before the massacre at Tlatelolco, both Echeverrà ­a and head of Federal Security (DFS) Fernando Guiterrez Barrios told the CIA that the situation will be under complete control very shortly. That the Dà ­az Ordaz government arranged to have student leader Sà ³crates Campos Lemus accuse dissident PRI politicians such as Carlos Madrazo of funding and orchestrating the student movement. Still, some today believe the United States government was only concerned with security and safety during the Olympic Games 68 and was not involved in the Tlatelolco massacre in any form. Determining who is at fault however, will not change the events that occurred on October 2, 1968. The blood and tears shed that day are still fresh in the minds of those who witnessed the horrific event. Remembering Tlatelolco In 1993, a stele was erected to remember those who lost their lives. The former headquarters of the Secretariat of Foreign Affairs is now a memorial museum called Memorial 68 to remember the Mexican student demonstrations and the Tlatelolco massacre victims and survivors. Each year the anniversary of the Tlatelolco massacre is marked with a march to the same plaza and a protest for the release of government records. On October 2, 2008, the 40th anniversary, two marches were held in Mexico City to commemorate the event. One traveled from Escuela Normal Superior de Maestros (Teachers College) to the Zocalo. The other went from the Instituto Politecnico Nacional to the massacre site of the Plaza de las Tres Culturas. According to the Comità © del 68 (68 Committee), one of the organizers of the event, 40,000 marchers were in attendance. Unfortunately, still too many are unfamiliar with the events that occurred since the massacre fails to appear in most history textbooks. When asked how this could be, high school Headmaster Samuel Gonzalez Montano, replied, You cant teach anything that didnt officially happen. As of now, the newest generation of Mexicans only have a general knowledge of the events surrounding the 68 Olympic Games, which are unavoidably intertwined. Gregory P. Groggel, a graduate of the University of Puget Sound, recounts: During a visit to the plaza, I encountered a group of boys playing soccer. When I inquired from one of them if he knew what happened in October of 1968 here in the plaza, he shrugged and looked around. I told him some 300 people died. He seemed lost and turned slowly to read the memorial he was sitting in front of and had lived near his whole life. The end of it reads: Who? Whom? No one. The next day, no one. The plaza awoke swept; The newspapers said for news the state of the weather. And on the television, on the radio, in the theaters, there was not a single change in the program, not a single announcement. Nor a moment of silence at the banquet (or following the banquet). The deaths of so many youths and protesters must not be forgotten. They deserve more than a simple moment of silence. Remember Tlatelolco. Fore, those who can not remember the past are condemned to repeat it.(George Santayana)

Cults :: essays research papers

Cults Types of cults Two main kinds of cults exist today: Messianic Cults This is a cult that has a leader. Whatever the leader orders his members to do must be done, whether it would be sacrifice or murder, it must be done. In return the leader of the cult would "save" his followers. Mellenarian Cults This is a type of cult that refers to the 1,000 year reign of Christ. These groups believe that dramatic events, such as the end of the world or judgment day, will occur at the turn of the century. Traits of cults A feeling and a certainty of belief. A single strong and powerful leader. A tendency to control communication. A totalistic outlook; a view that spiritual life in the group must be present 24 hours a day, seven days a week. This would not allow a member to do any hobbies, work or interests outside of the cult. People who join cults There are four different types of people who participate in cults. The first type of people are normal people who come from intact families and turn to cults at a moment of difficulty in there life. These people haven't had any other problems previously. The second group of people are people who had problems in there past in development and emotion. The third and smallest group of cult members are psychotic individuals. The fourth group of people feel as if they don't fit into society. Different cults Charles Manson was never close to his parents, for he never met his father and his mother was an alcoholic. This lead Manson through a confusing age. He was always getting in trouble with the law. After he got out of prison he began to experiment with the psychedelic drug LSD. In San Francisco he learned how to talk like a hippie and sounded very wise, to lost and confused young men and woman. He always looked for sad or disordered young women. As he found them he talked to them, and they quickly trusted him deeply. In a short time he had gathered up enough young women to be his slaves and do whatever he asked. This is were Charles Manson began his cult leadership. Manson told four of his followers to break into a wealthy home in Los Angeles and kill everyone

Coporate Social Responsibility

Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) Chapter 1 Introduction Corporate Social Responsibility is a rapidly developing, key business issue. It is a concept that has attracted worldwide attention. Due to the demands for enhanced transparency and corporate citizenship, CSR started to embrace social, ethical as well as environmental challenges. Today, companies are aware of the social and environmental impacts of international production. It is accepted that Companies should not be only profitable, but also good corporate citizens.Through globalization of the economy, multinational companies are increasingly involved with suppliers and customers worldwide, especially if they operate in developing countries. The CSR agenda has a close relationship with international development. CSR within multinational companies is seen as a vehicle through which larger, well known corporations can contribute to the well being of developing countries by operating responsibly in terms of social and environ mental issues. However, the promoted â€Å"CSR† in the developing world by multinationals is â€Å"not real CSR†, despite significant contribution to development in some cases.Very little is known about the companies' CSR policies and practices in an international context, developing countries in particular. As reality shows, most of the larger corporations abuse the CSR and behave unethically and irresponsibly towards both society and the environment. Issues such as unsafe working conditions, unfair payment, gender discrimination, sexual harassment, toxic emissions and the hazardous pollution of water and soil have all raised fair allegations by consumers, non-governmental organizations and the larger society. Famous global brands like Nike, Coca-Cola, GAP and McDonalds are often under intense pressure from the public. Much of those pressures are due to their unethical behaviour in developing countries, where their main operations take place. Though companies operate in host countries, their reputation extends across numerous national boundaries. The actions of multinational companies in a host country can cause significant loss of reputation in the developed world, where the general public have become more sensitive to environmental issues and social impact.The public have the power to boycott the goods and products of multinational corporations in cases of unethical behaviour where organisations are thought not to fulfil their social and environmental obligations. However, international reputation side effects are not the only reason behind the potential increased level of social and environmental responsibilities faced by multinational companies; there are many drivers for the correct implementation of CSR by business entities. However, for many companies, corporate reputation and brand image are the fundamental components of business success.Corporate Social Responsibility in developing countries represents the formal and informal ways in wh ich multinational business enterprises contribute to improving the social, ethical and environmental conditions of the developing countries in which they operate. However, the rational approach to the CSR in the developing world is different from CSR in developed countries. For example, developing countries represent the ongoing growth of the economy; hence the most attractive growth markets for many foreign companies.They provide cheap labour, an absence of strong regulations and a rich availability of resources; all crucial concerns for multinational enterprises for conducting their businesses in developing world. It has been found that the public and the government are not as critical of unethical business practices within foreign companies. In addition, developing countries are where globalization, economic growth, investments and business activities are likely to have both positive and negative social and environmental impacts.Therefore, developing countries represent a differe nt set of CSR agenda for multinational companies to those operating in the developed world. In this research paper the CSR practices of multinational corporations will be examined. Their CSR commitment as well as irresponsible practices will be highlighted. In the first chapter, there will be overview on the previous works in this field. As CSR is a new concept, especially in developing countries, the short history of the development of CSR and main contributions will be presented.Literature review will give us the background knowledge about CSR. In chapter two, research methodology and relating this to the subject matter will be discussed. As research will be based on case study, there will be some examples of multinational corporations' experience in developing countries. The examples of their commitments towards environmental and social sustainability as well as negative impacts caused by their unethical operations will be provided. The opinions and critics of analysts and expert s will provide a clear nderstanding of companies' CSR practices in the developing world. The well known multinational companies like Nestle, Nike, KFC, Apple iPod and many others will be examined for their irresponsible and unethical behaviour in developing countries such as China, Indonesia, India, Southeast Asia and Africa. For the main research point the Coca-Cola crisis in India has been chosen, as Coca-cola, despite its CSR commitment towards society and environment, has caused damages to both the community and environment where it operates.From the case study, we are able to make some conclusions regarding CSR practices and make suggestions and recommendations for future of Corporate Social Responsibility, as it will undoubtedly increasingly become a major issue and integral part of business practise. Chapter 2 Literature review The 21st Century has seen much advancement in the issue of corporate social responsibility (CSR), and there has been particular interest in the impact CSR could have globally. This literature review will begin by defining what is meant by corporate social responsibility.There are a lot of debates about the origins of CSR; however it is clear that CSR is a modern term, a consequence arising from the history of business responsibility. The modern term is considered to have western origin; however it has developed from different countries' ideas and theories. This has created a number of definitions of CSR. This can lead to confusion making CSR less effective. It is interesting to observe that none of the definitions actually defines the social responsibility of businesses, as so famously discussed by Milton Friedman (1970), but rather describe it as a phenomenon.The Government sees CSR as a business contribution to sustainable development. However, the modern concept of CSR has been influenced by Globalization and so CSR has developed and is taken in different context worldwide. (Crane, Matten, Spence, 2008). In addition, organizat ions such as the European Union (EU) see CSR as a concept integrating social and environmental concerns in business operations and in their interactions with their stakeholders on a voluntary basis.However, others like Ethics in Action Awards (2003), describe CSR as a company's obligation to be accountable to all of its stakeholders in all operations and activities (Dahlsrud, 2006). There are a number of debates raised in academic literature over the issue of to whom the business must have responsibility. Various authors have referred to the common approaches: shareholder, stakeholder and societal approaches. According to shareholder approach, the classical view on CSR maximizing the profits of shareholders (Friedman, 1962).This approach can also be interpreted as being that the company should make contributions to the extent, to which it can be connected with the creation of long-term value for the shareholders (Foley, 2000). From the stakeholder theory, it is obvious that organisa tions should be accountable towards other groups of stakeholders, who can affect or be affected by a company's objectives (Freeman, 1984). The last approach, which is regarded to give the broader view on CSR, argues that the organisations should be responsible to societies as a whole, of which they are an integral part.The aim of the following literature review is to identify the most valuable academic studies and important practical investigations. The field of Corporate Social Responsibility can be divided into several parts; definitions of CSR, analysis of CSR approaches, CSR in supply chain, CSR in developed countries as well as in developing ones, the link between CSR and globalization and last, but not least the global understanding of CSR. The history of CSR The development concept of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) has been carried out mainly in western countries; particularly in United States.Literature picks up the issue from the 1950s when attention was devoted to t he responsibility of businessmen ( Bowen, 1953) to the 1980s when the argument with stakeholder theory took place (Freeman, 1984) and of course, to the 1990s when most studies were devoted to the analysis of the relationship between CSR and corporate financial performance (Roman et al, 1999). In the beginning of the 1950s, Howard Bowen tried to give rational and systematic arguments in favour of CSR and its connection with big corporations and their influence on social consequences and undoubtedly, their primary societal responsibilities.The one of the earliest books on CSR, â€Å"The Social Responsibilities of the Businessman†, was written by Bowen in 1953. Bowen's book was specifically concerned with the doctrine of social responsibility. Bowen argued that social responsibility is not panacea for all business social problems, but that it contains an important truth that must guide business in the future (Asongu, 2007). Because of Bowen's early and very valuable work, Carrol l has argued that Howard Bowen should be called the â€Å"Father of Corporate Social Responsibility† (Carroll, 2000).The decade of the 1960s is characterized as seeing a growing interest in the formalizing or more precisely, defining the meaning of CSR. One of the prominent writers in this period was Keith Davis, who later extensively wrote about the topic in his business and society textbooks, later revisions and articles. He argued that social responsibility is a nebulous idea, but should be seen in a managerial context (Mahon, 1991). Another influential contributor to the early research into CSR was Friedman. The argument made by Friedman (1962) that the main corporation's responsibility is toward shareholders has created much debate among academics.It was not until 1970, that Wallich and McGowan first made attempts to demonstrate the link between corporations' social responsibility and shareholder's interests. They argued that the aim of corporation's long-term interest s hould be linked to the environment to which a corporation belongs. If society and environment became worse, a business would lose their â€Å"critical support structure† and customer base (Keim, 1978). In the 1970s there are a wide range of references, increasingly being made to corporate social responsiveness, corporate social performance as well as corporate social responsibility.In the 90s, literature tried to find out answers to questions such as why some companies are doing well and if CSR could be identified as a competitive advantage. Most academics and scholars started to apply the stakeholder theory to CSR, because stakeholders, other than shareholders have interest in the well-being of a company in relation to employees, customers, governments and others. This model renewed the interest in CSR and more research was devoted to this subject.Also, there is great interest in the linkage between CSR and corporate competitiveness; but bbbthere is a shortcoming of quantita tive translation of socially responsible practices into specific results affecting the income and loss of particular organization (Murillo and Lozano, 2006). Many scholars connect CSR with the competitive advantage that a company can gain. The most well-known work in this field is Professor Michel Porter's â€Å"The competitive advantage of corporate philanthropy† in which he describes how a company is able to improve its long-term potential by linking financial and societal goals (Porter, 003). Further development in this area was made by Kramer (2003). Problems with CSR research We know very little about CSR initiatives and undoubtedly, there are some questions about both the efficiency of CSR approaches and the tangible benefits for stakeholder groups. Also, we know very little about the social and environmental impacts of CSR initiatives. For example, many business schools analyzed and devoted their works to studying the content of codes of conduct. They looked at specifi c issues such as child labour, but they failed to study the wider societal impacts of CSR.The most notable study about societal impacts came from development study scholars, not from business schools. The study by Barrientos and Smiths (2007) reviled that there are, in particular in those countries where empirical investigation took place such as South Africa, India, Vietnam and Costa Rica, some benefits from codes of conduct and initiatives implementing CSR by multinational companies. However there are failures in the areas of noncompliance and ensuring the improvement of working conditions.In addition to this, Barrientos and Smiths questioned the methods used by the business communities in investigating the societal impacts of CSR, doubting the efficiency of the tools used to monitor CSR performance. Due to the lack of empirical study and evidence regarding CSR impacts, there are still analytical limitations in the current CSR field. For example, some academics (Lantos, 2001) wrot e about conceptualization of CSR, however, current field of CSR and business scholars fail to answer vital questions.For example, how can CSR tackle a development challenge like poverty, without an understanding of the negative influence caused by multinational companies operating in host communities? Even if there is agreement about societal benefits of CSR initiatives, there is still uncertainty about the way in which CSR should be studied and analyzed. Lockett, Moon and Wisser (2006) argued that CSR knowledge should be best described as a continuing state of emergence. Indeed, many scholars study CSR initiatives without any reference to theoretical perspectives.Milton Friedman and other authors highlighted the â€Å"agency problem† of CSR for a long time. For example, Friedman argued that the pursuit of societal and environmental objectives will undoubtedly hurt shareholders by lowering profits. However, other scholars like Margolis and Walsh (2003) oppose the arguments of Friedman. They found that, between 1972 and 2002, at least 172 empirical studies investigated the positive relationship between social responsible behaviour of an organization and its financial performance. Levels of CSRAnother main contribution to the development of CSR made by Carroll (1991), considered the economic, legal, ethical and philanthropic levels of CSR. These levels represent what is required, expected and desired for CSR strategies (Crane, Matten, Spence, 2008). According to Crane, Matten and Spence, Carroll's pyramid of CSR is the most widely accepted definition of CSR. Until the 1980s, environmental corporate responsibility was the part of â€Å"social responsibility†, which was used as a frame term that covered a wide field of ideas. However, corporations became to understand the importance of environmental responsibility.For this reason, the concept of â€Å"corporate environmental responsibility† has started to be used by researchers such as Rondine lli and Berry (2000) in parallel with the development of â€Å"corporate social responsibility† by Carroll (1998), Maignan and Ferrel (2000) and Zarkada-Fraser (2004). CSR and Corporate Social Reporting The great number of scholars, who have since the 1970s (Fenn, Ackerman,), analyzed the complex issue of Corporate Social Responsibility and the advantage of reporting on a wider scale, have given the possibility to evaluate social performance (Levis, 2006).The theme of social reporting has been developed along with the CSR. The approach for researching reporting is different in comparison with past decades due to the growing number of organizations that have published a social report. (Belal, 2002; Bitcha, 2003; Weaver et al, 1999). The reason for the growing interest in this field is linked to progress in business ethics (Donaldson, 1999) and the significant importance of the stakeholder approach, which has led to an increase of interest in studying the causes and real meanin g of the phenomenon.The present approach to social reporting activities can be divided into two parts: fists, those who still think that it is a responsiveness approach and others, who argue that it is much more than communication; it is a tool of strategic management. Research in CSR worldwide Cultural differences affect CSR dynamics as well as companies practising responsible behaviour. For instance, research by Juholin (2004) reviled that long-term profitability is the prominent driving force behind CSR in Finland. Research by Fulop et al. (2000) discovered differences in CSR orientations between large and small firms.A similar study by Uhlaner et al. (2004) suggests a mixture of CSR perspectives (economic benefits, legal, ethical and philanthropic considerations) as useful in explaining variations in CSR orientations amongst Dutch firms. Despite cross-cultural and national differences, there are differences in the variety of methodologies adopted in examining and analyzing CSR. Some studies considered CSR as a philanthropic and ethical responsibility; however other studies have made a distinction between CSR as simple legal compliance vs. CSR as conducting business with high regard for morality.As noted previously, the debate about CSR has existed since the 1950s. In the first academic papers, a narrow concept of corporate social responsibility was used. Most of the authors like Bragdon and Marlin (1972) and Spicer (1975), tried to approach CSR through the main social and environmental problems such as pollution and contributions to the local community. The data used for their analysis was based on information issued by the Council on Economic Priorities. However they were not able to cover the whole aspects of CSR and their works were not valid for every industry (Dooley, 2004).Later, a broader valuation and examination was provided by Moskowitz (1972, 1975). In his work he tried to cover almost every aspect of corporate social responsibility such as equa l employment opportunities, charitable contributions, fair dealing with customers, product quality and more. CSR in developing world Despite the great interest in ethical and responsible behaviour in business, very little is known of the practise of CSR in developing countries. For example, Belal (2001) notes that there are a wide range of academic publications, describing CSR in the context of developed countries such as Western Europe, the USA and Australia.Also that we still know too little about practices of corporate responsibility in ex-colonial, smaller and developing countries. He suggests doing more research into developing countries as it will give a valuable insight to the western meaning of CSR in context (Jamali, 2007). There are no large scale developmental studies of CSR in developing countries as there are in western countries. However, the CSR discussion traditionally revolved around the multinational companies operating in developing countries. The multinational co mpanies' response to CSR has great impact on the future global CSR agenda.The first notions of corporate social responsibility in developing countries emerged in the 1960s amongst American companies operating in developing countries, particularly in Asia and Africa. Perhaps a simple definition, truly reflecting the responsible behaviour of current multinational companies operating in developing countries is presented by Davies, who suggested CSR as a framework for the role of business in society. The implication of this definition is that it includes any society in which the company operates, including the â€Å"global society† (Engle, 2006).Within the Asian context, most academics paid attention to describing the governance aspects of environmental responsibility (Hong Kong: Hills and Welford; China: Bi; The Philippines: Forsyth). In contrast, in India, Mohan has focused on social responsibilities and corporate citizenships. Also, there is some research into the normative as pects of CSR such as the evolution of business ethics in Taiwanese companies (Wu). In the study of CSR in Malaysia, Teoh and Thong found that the most foreign multinational companies seemed more inclined to accept their responsibilities towards environment and society (Chapple, 2005).CSR in the Global Context CSR and multinational corporations. Relatively little is known about management of corporate social responsibility by multinational companies (Gnyawali, 1996). In general, little is known about the management of CSR in multinational companies, either practically or academically. While many areas of research have examined the nature of cultural or business preference to social equality (Adler, 1997; George and Jones, 2002; Lantos, 2002), there has previously been no research regarding the role of CSR in the expansion of organizations into new territories or cultures.The dominant theoretical approach to studying CSR practices among multinational companies, operating in developing countries, is the works of Bartlett and Ghoshal (1989) and Prahalad and Doz (1987), who tried to analyze general multinational companies' management practices in CSR. This framework was then extended by Yip (1992) and Husted and Allen (2006) to cover CSR practices (Geppert et al. , 2006). The studies of these researchers enabled interesting insights such as how CSR is being managed, the potential barriers to successful implementation of CSR practices within domestic places into operation among multinational corporations.However, mainstream research of CSR was concentrated particularly on domestic issues such as labour issues, racial discrimination, the position of women and the environment. To date there has been limited analysis in the developing countries context, in particular regarding foreign multinational companies. Further detailed analysis is needed of what instrumental, moral and relational motives exist in systems very different to the western context in which they were d eveloped. CSR and Globalization With Globalization, CSR has been propelled into a global context.Ruggie (2004) identified three particular aspects of social responsibility in the context of global governance. Firstly, nowadays it is expected that multinational companies will build new capacities and take care of issues such as working conditions, healthcare and education as well as respect human rights. So that, if corporations insist on setting up in developing countries, they are forced to consider challenges, normally associated with developing countries like poverty or child labour. Nowadays, most multinational companies face a lot of new and challenging problems in this era of Globalization.According to Weber, Lawrence and Post, multinational companies are able to solve such problems. They have introduced the idea of â€Å"Three sector world†, compromising multinational companies, non governmental organizations and community. In their research, they compared both strengt hs and weaknesses of each sector and analyzed their contributions to solving global problems. The research method was based on comparing attempts of two multinational companies in implementing CSR in developing countries (Young, 2008).Based on their findings, it is obvious that a collaborative partnership with community and non governmental organizations can carry better results in implementing CSR. Therefore CSR in the global context involves more than business implementation, it needs business cooperation with other organizations whose focus is greater on CSR. From the vast majority of literature, it is clear that CSR has gained major significance in the era of Globalization and multinational companies should take responsibilities for their actions worldwide, especially in developing countries.Multinational corporations should behave as a moral leader in an area where there are no legal requirements (Scherer and Smid, 2000). CSR is considered a Western idea, which has now to be ap plied to problems in the developing world (Scherer and Smid, 2000). The literature review is an account of what has been published on corporate social responsibility; it acknowledges the critical points highlighted by scholars and researchers. The literature review conveys what knowledge and ideas have been established on corporate social responsibility and it enables further research to compare and contrast these ideas in order to create new theories.Therefore a literature review provides the basis for the analytical framework of this research (Bryman, 2004). It has also helped with the interpretation of the results and has led to other questions being asked. The literature review also highlighted that there had been little research carried out on the societal impacts of CSR and implementation of CSR by multinational companies in developing world. This gives further importance and emphasis to the analysis of literature in giving rise to new questions and theories.The literature rev iew has provided the framework of following deep research about corporate social responsibility of multinational companies in developing countries, in particular the problems and benefits of implementing of CSR and the role of huge corporations in this issue. The literature review has helped to identify key themes within CSR by multinationals and from this more questions have evolved. Chapter 3 Methodology In this research paper the case study was employed as the research strategy.Usually descriptive or exploratory research is associated with the case study, and this might be particularly useful when the phenomenon under investigation is difficult to study outside its natural setting. Using case study research methodology is also helpful when the concepts and variables need to be considered where experimental or survey methods are regarded to be inappropriate (Yin, 1994). Case study is used particularly in looking at the specific questions such as â€Å"how and why† that is s et in the contemporary environment (Yin, 1989) Case study methodology has a lot of advantages over some other methodologies.First, it allows the use of multiple data collection techniques in order to build a more comprehensive picture of the case being investigated. Second, this in turn leads to the ability to capture both qualitative and quantitative data. Case studies can provide a solid understanding required for hypothesis development that then leads to improved theory development. The main advantage of case based research is that results are considered to be interesting and important and can shift the focus of investigation towards a new area of interest (Scapens, 1990).The case study is usually considered more accurate, diverse and rich, if it is based on several sources of data (Alasuutari, 2000). Advantages of using secondary data for research purposes As the research is concerned with multinational companies operating internationally, secondary data will probably provide th e main source of necessary information. As our research strategy is case study, it is better to use compiled data that have already been sorted or summarised (Kervin, 1999).Secondary data can be obtained from different sources aimed at the same geographic area, where our case study takes place such as the Coca-Cola's crisis in India. Area-based multiple sources of data are usually easily available in different forms, especially in published forms. Also tracking the original source of secondary data is much easier, especially when time restrictions are severe. As it will be a case study, it is even preferable to use newspapers, journals and media on a regular basis, as they may provide recent events within the business world. Research will concern the specific country i. . India, data from government sources are also useful due to their high quality. Because of time constraints, secondary data can be obtained very quickly, in addition they have better quality standards in comparison with collecting own data (Stewart and Kamins, 1993). Using secondary data within collection also has a wide range of benefits, as they have already been collected and analyzed (Cowton, 1998). Unlike the data collected by myself, secondary data are permanently available and easily accessible, so that it can be checked relatively easily to others (Denscombe, 1998).Problems with collecting primary data for research purposes Access for some primary data can be problematic and difficult. Therefore it is unlikely that gaining permission for physical access will be easy and will be time consuming. As an interview is way for collecting primary data, however it is difficult to seek access to a range of participants such as employees, suppliers, customers and other stakeholder groups. The main cause might be restricted access to company's data either directly or indirectly (Bunchanan et. al. , 1998; Raimond, 1993).As a full time master student, you are not able to have prior contact with huge multinational companies and you will be required to negotiate in order to gain any access to each level of information. Also, the major obstacle in obtaining primary data is time constrains. There is not sufficient time for all methods of collecting primary data, as physical access may take weeks or even months (Bunchanan et. al. , 1998). Even, if there are time allowances, nobody can guarantee that replies will be quick and contain all necessary information.In case of opportunities for conducting interviews, undertaking questionnaires or engaging in observation, unfortunately, this would take several weeks. Whichever method will be chosen, almost all methods for gathering primary data are very time consuming (Bryman, 1988). However, due to the growing significance of the topic, many researchers have used primary data to conduct research. They collected primary data through interviews, observation and questionnaires. There are some examples of case study based research approaches.T he implementation of CSR in developing countries was examined by Christina L. Anderson and Rebecca L. Bieniaszewska in the paper â€Å"The Role of Corporate Social Responsibility in Oil Company's Expansion into New Territories†. The aims of the study were to analyse the role of CSR in British Petroleum's overall business strategy and to examin the benefits of employing CSR as a part of business strategy when it was operating in new territories and cultures. The case study approach was conducted through providing interviews with representatives from BP, social auditing and accounting specialists.Recent company reports and website information were also examined. Another example came from Richard Welford and Stephen Frost's research that provides an overview of CSR practices in Asia. The aim of the research paper is to review the benefits of the implementation of CSR in supply chains and arising obstacles. In order to collect data for research purposes, interviews were undertake n with six CSR managers working for well-known brand corporations, ten factory managers and eight CSR experts. Interviews were held confidentiality and anonymously.All participants have extensive experience of CSR issues and provide a good overview of the challenges for CSR by multinational companies in Asia. The case study based approach showed that multinational corporations such as Gap, Nike, Reebok, operating in Asia, are still continuing to be criticized because they were not 100% perfect, failing in proper implementation of CSR as well as monitoring. Another example of a research case study came from Ian Harwood and Stuart Humby from the University of Southampton in their research paper † Embedding corporate responsibility into supply: A snapshot of progress†.Their research adopts a case study methodology, with specific focus on an exploratory cross-case analysis. Along with the revising literature review, methods included nine semi-structured interviews (1. 5 hour s each), followed by conversations with different public and private organisations, which concerned CSR issues as well as dialogues with other universities working in the field of corporate responsibility both locally and internationally. Some participants asked about anonymity and confidentiality. Consequently, ethical issues were considered during the process of gathering data.Nine companies were large enterprises, operating in multinational markets. The respondents were senior managers and directors in either procurement or CSR related roles. The aim of research was to identify the CSR practices in companies, the processes of implementing CSR in supply chain including the management of risk and performance management. Also, views on the problems for future development of CSR were analyzed. Corporate Social Responsibility became an important issue in the late 20th century. However, there are still several large companies, behaving unethically within society.Many companies have emp hasized that they govern their social responsibility and behaviour, but more often than not, this is only on paper. There are countless cases that can be examined for corporate social responsibility of multinational companies in developing countries. Ten well known companies were chosen, because all of them were criticised for corporate social irresponsibility and failures in fulfilling their obligations towards society and environment. Reebok case â€Å"I do not know that anybody has bought a pair of Reebok shoes because of its human rights programme.But we are a global corporation and we have an obligation to give back to the communities in which we live and work. † -Doug Cahn, Director of Human Rights Programmes, Reebok international limited Background US-based Reebok International Limited (Reebok) is one of the leading footwear companies in the world. With over a hundred years of operations in the footwear industry, Reebok has operations in over 170 countries across the w orld, most of which in developing world (Reebok, 2009). Reebok has its own Corporate Social responsibility; however Reebok joined the companies that were accused of human right issues.Reebok instituted a Code of Conduct, also known as Reebok's Human Right Production (appendix 1); to regulate working conditions, especially in developing countries. However, despite measures and regulations taken by the company, the company still have several allegations against them concerning human violations, for example in Chinese factories. Analysts felt that the measures taken by company were not appropriate and that Reebok should regulate this problem in order to enhance its image as a socially responsible company (Aaron, 1999). CSR of ReebokReebok established and become a member of Business for Social Responsibility; they monitored human right abuse through audit and video camera facilities. They launched a project called Educational Assistance in Pakistan and Workers Communication System in In donesia in order to avoid working violence and conducted training programs for factories in developing countries. All theses initiatives helped the company improve its social image. Reebok's problems in China Like most of its competitors, Reebok has a wide range of sub-contractors in China due to low production costs.Independent research agencies reported violations occurred in most Chinese factories. They highlighted the ineffectiveness of Reebok's monitoring system. They revealed that wages were not paid according to laws, overtime wages were also violated, women were not treated properly and the absence of any workers unions. It was also found that children aged between 13 and 15 were being employed. In addition workers suffered not only mentally, but also physically due to the lack of any appropriate conditions at work and unsuitable accommodation (China Labour Watch, 2002).All of these issues deprived workers of their human rights. Criticisms Since such problems were identified , Reebok tried to take measures immediately. Through these measures Reebok attempted to solve the problems including forced labour, low wages, child labour, physical and other types of abuse. However, many reports continued to be published showing human violence in factories. For example, China Labour Watch argued that in order to prevent human abuse, the actions were not sufficient and violations were still occurring (China Labour Watch, 2002).KFC (Kentucky Fried Chicken) case â€Å"The chicken they serve is full of chemicals, and the birds are given hormones, antibiotics and arsenic chemicals to fatten them quickly† -Nanjundaswamy, founder-leader of the Karnataka Rajya Ryota Sangha. Background By 2004, KFC emerged as one of the world's most popular chicken restaurant chains. With more than 11,000 restaurants in nearly 80 countries, KFC served nearly eight million customers worldwide every day (KFC, 2009). KFC in India KFC is one of the multinational companies entering the I ndian market.However, a lot of economists and nutritionists opposed and criticised KFC for many reasons. They argued that first; it was threat to domestic business and a cultural invasion Secondly it would cause a high rate of obesity, heart disease and cancer due to the sodium and cholesterol contained in fast food. For example, the Municipal Food Inspector found out that some of KFC's chicken contained three times more monosodium glutamate than regular chicken (Ray, 1995). For the first time, KFC was accused processing â€Å"Junk food† in a poor country like India, where malnutrition problems are severe.PETA (People for Ethical Treatment of Animals) accused KFC of cruelty to chickens and not providing care for the birds in its factories despite the fact that KFC has published standards to guarantee humane treatment for its birds. PETA also said that because of such cruel attitudes towards animals, KFC must not enter India (Ecologist, 1995). As Pankaj Batra, director of Indi an sub -continent pointed out that KFC was obligated to require its suppliers to follow the welfare guidelines for proper animal treatment (Thaiindian press, 2003).However, some opponents like the Indian Government tried to justify KFC by saying that multinational companies like KFC would create more employment and improve infrastructure. Though, in reality as Nanjundaswamy argued, fast-food companies brought jobs only for a handful of educated people and the poorest people are left without job opportunities. Apart from the threat to local agriculture, there is another threat as mentioned by Nanjundaswamy. This is that the company gives chemicals and antibiotics to the chickens in order to fatten them quickly.He called the chicken â€Å"chemically poisoned† (Newindpress, 2003). Ecologists also participated in the activities against KFC. They claimed that opening new fast food outlets meant more trash like paper cups, bags and plastics on the streets. Wal-Mart case â€Å"As o ne of the largest companies in the world, with an expanding global presence, environmental problems are our problems†. -H. Lee Scott, President & CEO, Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. â€Å"We don't know whether Wal-Mart's environmental changes are real or a Machiavellian attempt to green-wash a declining public image.But its long record of irresponsible behaviour forces one to be sceptical† -Chris Kofinis, Communications Director, wakeupwalmart. com Background Wal-Mart, the world's large retailer, operates in many developed countries as well as developing ones like China, Costa-Rica, Honduras and others. Its ultimate aim is being a fully environmentally sustainable business. The company planned to use more renewable sources of energy, recycle waste, and sell more organic food in its store. However, analysts highlighted that Wal-Mart's international operations had mixed results.There are a lot of criticisms from environmentalist, traders and even politicians. Wal-Mart was accused of violating environmental laws, indulging anti-trade union policies, paying low wages, sourcing cheaper products from outside US and indulging in sex discrimination (Butler, 2006). Wal-Mart's initiatives As a leading world retailer, Wal-Mart launched many programmes and initiatives in order to achieve its goal to be sustainable towards society and environment. They established â€Å"Sustainable value networks†, started to sell organic food at prices that were lower in comparison with its competitors and formed health oriented programmes.Experts' opinions Some critics saw Wal-Mart's activities as a tool, an investment in its reputation rather than in sustainability. They felt that the sustainability measures were the tool to divert public criticisms such as environment abuse, violation of air and water pollution laws, which faced the company. They argued that company lacked its long-term commitment to the cause (Butler, 2006). However, in spite of some criticisms, some enviro nmentalists were truly optimistic that Wal-Mart was going to become an environmentally sustainable entity.Also many analysts urged the company to work toward better wages and healthcare benefits. Wal-Mart has to show the results on the ground in order to prove its commitment towards sustainability and continue with sustainability initiatives, if it wants to improve its image as a corporate socially responsible multinational enterprise (Roberts, 2006). Nestle case â€Å"As a responsible food company, I don't like to have an image that I am behaving unethically? † Peter Braberk, CEO of Nestle, 2003 Background Nestle is one of the largest multinationals, with over 200 factories worldwide.Nestle had been accused several times of selling genetically modified products without appropriate labelling, for supporting the use of child labour in some factories and for other reasons. Most of the controversies that Nestle was embodied have involved developing countries. Nestle in its corpo rate social standards, committed itself as a responsible, sustainable business entity, promising good working conditions, health, nutrition, and support for the community. However, as reality shows, Nestle carried out socially irresponsible practices in most developing countries.Nestle's social irresponsibility Analysts argued that the main reason practicing corporate social irresponsibility by Nestle in the developing world was overlooked was because laws and procedures are considerably more lax compared to those in more developed countries. The company was criticized for its unethical practices such as using infant milk powder (which is harmful to health) in developing countries. By providing free samples, Nestle defended itself as being socially responsible and doing it for the benefit of poor women in developing countries.Also, Nestle failed in providing good working conditions, as it had promised previously as well as child labour was employed on plantations (Megan, 2001). For example, UNICEF studies revealed that over 200,000 children worked on the plantations during the harvesting of cocoa and coffee beans (Unicef, 2008). One of the more disturbing revelations was that most of the workers had been trafficked i. e. bought and sold, making them practically slave labour. Nestle purchased cocoa from these farms despite its awareness of the conditions of the labourers.Nestle was also accused of reselling products rejected in Europe to developing Asian countries (Sinha, 2000). Kimberly-Clark Corporation case â€Å"This is a company that claims to be a leader on the environment front. Unfortunately, when you dig into the claims, you come up with a very different story† -Richard Brooks, a campaign coordinator at Greenpeace, 2006 Background Kimberly-Clark Corporation (K-C), the paper-based consumer packaged goods giant, take a top position in the Dow Jones Sustainability World Index (Faircompanies, 2008). K-C has a good history of CSR and takes a leadersh ip position in corporate sustainability.However, it has faced a lot of criticisms from its stakeholders and in particular from environmental protection groups such as Greenpeace who alleged that the company used virgin fibre from forests instead of using recycled fibres (Baue, 2005). CSR of Kimberly-Clark Corporation As any multinational company Kimberly-Clark has policies protecting the environment such as development an environment plan from product design to disposal. The company also adopted energy conservation programs, Child Labour and Worker exploitation policies in most developing countries.In each report, K-C outlines its responsibilities as a good corporate citizen. K-C emphasized that sustainability and good environmental practices are keys to doing good business. Criticisms Despite many environmental initiatives, K-C had been accused of destroying ancient forests for manufacturing, using only 19% recycled material instead of 60% used by other companies (Greanpeace, 2008) . For such attacks K-C defended itself by arguing that they used virgin fibre only for producing facial tissues. There are some anomalies between that claim made by the company in its environmental reports and its actual record.It appeared that in reality, they used wood fibres from ecologically significant established areas, though the company previously considered it as protecting such environmentally significant areas (Ethical Consumer, 2007). Nike case â€Å"Nike is being hypocritical in its support of children's programs in public schools while exploiting child labour in its factories† -The Canadian Catholic Organization for Development and Peace Background Nike is the one of the biggest sports shoe manufacturers, having suppliers around the world, mostly in developing countries.Nike repeatedly claimed that it was not going to tolerate worker maltreatment in its Asian factories. It had its own Code of Conduct and required its suppliers to obey on issues like wages and wo rking conditions, written into the company's corporate standards. However, Nike did not show any real interest in addressing those issues. It was accused of unethical treatment of workers by supervisors, of payment that is below the legal minimum wage and sexual abuse of several female workers at Nike' shoe factories. In addition, Nike did not take adequate health and safety measures and turned a blind eye to child labour.Nike violated overtime wages, night shift wages and weekend and holiday wages. Nike had been accused by California's consumer law agency that it had mislead the public about working conditions for its Vietnamese, Chinese and Indonesian workers. For example, female workers in Vietnam were abused physically, verbally and sexually by factory managers (Vietnam Labour Watch Report, 1997). Nike' response Nike, as a famous, well known, multinational corporation, denied that it employed unfair labour practices. In order to defend itself, Nike tried to convince the public t hat they operated in socially responsible manner.Nike showed videos of working practices in Indonesia, Thailand, China and Vietnam factories. As Nike's manager said, they are a very open company and do not have anything to hide from the public and community in which Nike operates (www. nike. com). But in spite its initiatives, Nike was not effective in monitoring and regulating. In reality Despite Nike's claims about sustainability, Nike workers were still paid wages that were below that legal minimum. As Leila Salazar, Global Exchange's corporate accountability director said, Nike still abuses workers right like harassment, violence, long overtime hours and others (Richman, 2001).Analysts said that in spite of its good image in the USA, Nike was a very different company in Asian countries (Herbert, 1997). According to Patrick Coughlin, one of the lawyers, fighting against Nike, argued that Nike has to either disclose its attitudes towards workers or change working conditions (Josh, 2001) Apple iPod case â€Å"Apple has a zero tolerance policy of any instance, isolated or not, of any treatment of workers that could be interpreted as harsh†¦ † -International Herald Tribune (IHT, 2006) BackgroundApple is the worlds leading multinational enterprise, producing and selling electronic products such as computers, software and other electronic equipment. As any large corporation, Apple has its own manufacturers in China and as practice shows, Apple has received a lot of criticisms from civil society organizations regarding workplace standards. Criticisms on iPod in China Despite the fact that Apple was trying to ensure that its working standards were implemented in all factories, there is still evidence about working hours, payment and other workplace issues including the use of hazardous chemicals.The â€Å"Mail on Sunday† in June 2006 alleged that iPods were made in poor working conditions. The newspaper claimed that Apple employed 16 years old wo rkers, provided one dormitory for 100 persons, required to work 15 hours per day and last, but not least had military-style drills in factories (Joseph, 2006). Tanya Klowden (2006) analyzed Apple's irresponsibility and concluded that Apple iPod should put at least some marketing budget into to trying to promote itself as a socially responsible company, towards movement in implementing working ethics in its suppliers premises (Klowden, 2006).Another critic came from â€Å"China Business News† reporting that the factory did not provide simple seats for workers and made workers stand for up to 12 hours while working (Soong, 2006). Since such events, in addition environmentalists have accused Apple of not having a computer recycling program. Apple's response As any well known brand corporation, Apple tried to defend itself in front of the public. It had posted its own findings in the media and online. Several points were worth noting.Apple claimed that audits found some violation s to its Code of Conduct as well as other areas for improvement and that Apple was working with suppliers in developing countries to address these issues. However, some analysts argued that Apple must ensure in providing good working conditions before such incidents took place (Kahney, 2006). As mentioned in their Code of Conduct, Apple iPod committed itself as a socially and environmentally responsible company, ensuring that the people around the world work under safe, fair and legal conditions. However, in reality Apple could not protect workers' rights.Gap case â€Å"It is easier for the Gap to cancel its orders and move someplace where there are no unions than to say they will make sure that the rights of their workers are protected† -Deisy, ex-Gap worker who lost her job for being a union organizer in El Salvador Background Gap Inc is a leading international retailer, operating through 3070 stores across the world with suppliers and factories in many developing countries in Asia as well as in Africa. Gap took several initiatives in order to support communities in which it operates. It has its own Code of Conduct.However, there were some serious questions raised about the working conditions in developing countries, which operated in behalf of Gap. Several human rights groups accused Gap for maintaining factories where workers were treated badly and where there was no hint of social responsibility. They found that low wages, various restrictions (contracts that forbade workers to quit, marry or organize and join labour unions), unhealthy and unsafe working conditions were commonly in practise (Engler, 2004). Such issues happened in most developing countries such as Indonesia, El Salvador, etc where Gap has its factories.Gap's Corporate Social Responsibility and initiatives Gap's name was closely tied with the scandals about abuse of human rights in most developing countries. There were a lot of aggressive global movements and strikes for worker's rig hts in developed countries as well as in developing ones. Gap started to implement Code of Vendor Conduct in all factories manufacturing Gap's products. Gap also maintained monitoring programmes and collaborated with partners worldwide in order to solve such problems. Criticisms of Gap's CSR When Gap started to face a boycott against its products, it started to produce CSR reports.However, CSR reports are subjected to criticisms from agencies for just being a public relations activity. Also, critics noted that Gap did not provide reports for its whole range of factories. Gap did not publish its suppliers' names, but critics believed that this was a tool to resist outside monitoring. Even though there were a lot of activities against unethical practices in Gap's factories, it seemed that several retailers remained to be unaffected by public allegations and continued to behaviour irresponsibly (Engler, 2004).Cocoa Industry case â€Å"We need to be permanently concerned with where coc oa comes from, the impact of coca on the environment and how the workers are treated. That's where the industry has changed, permanently and forever† -Larry Graham, the President of the Chocolate Manufactures Association, the American industry trade Group Background Child labour, child trafficking and slavery became prevalent and held within the cocoa industry in West Africa. The increased campaigns raised its awareness of child labour abuse.This is crucial question and issue and in order to raise public awareness of child labour abuse, most consumers boycott of chocolate fabrics products. The problem of Child Labour in West Africa 70% of cocoa beans are produced in West Africa, especially in Nigeria, Ghana and Cameroon, which are the major producers and exporters of cocoa (Antislavery report, 2004). In 1998, International Labour Organization revealed that the practise of child slavery occurred in the cocoa fields (Rawfoodinfo, 2008). UNICEF reported that in Ghana over 200,000 children were sold into slavery (Global Exchange, 2006).Since such events have come to light the international civil society organizations, governments and the cocoa industry acknowledged that it is necessary to address the child labour issue and implement some initiatives. Corporate Social Responsibility initiatives The cocoa industry recognised that it needed to address labour issue in order not to damage the image of industry. All multinational manufactories and retailers using cocoa from Africa such as Nestle, Mars, Kraft Foods and Starbucks Coffee Company contributed and became members of World Cocoa Foundation, whose primary aim is to destroy the practice of child exploitation.The chocolate industry launched programmes for eliminating child slavery and certifying that no form of child labour would be employed in the production of cocoa and chocolate. As US Senator Tom Harkin said, it was good evidence that any chocolate or other cocoa products were not made by children's' han ds (Chatterjee, 2001). The objective of this CSR initiative was to enable children to go to school, instead of working full-time in order to help their families. Criticisms Despite all above mentioned, analysts pointed out that the cocoa industry's promises were still unfulfilled.There were no signs of progress even after three years since the first steps were made. Analysts claimed that it was a public relation tool, not an attempt to tackle problem of child labour and multinational companies also did not show their willingness to participate in solving and destroying child labour problems (Peel, 2004). As social scientists emphasised, even if consumers continue to boycott the goods made by child labour, such measures are unlikely to eliminate the problem at all.Economists and researches like Pham Hoang Van and Kaushik Basu pointed out that total elimination of child labour might cause much worse consequences such as acute hunger or starvation, or even worse â€Å"occupations† like â€Å"prostitution† (Basu, 1999). Without doubt, such controversial issues need to be solved or at least to be changed. Philip Morris case We don't want kids to smoke. We're intensifying our efforts that we started a number of years ago by launching this new smoking-intervention, starting with these ads† -Michael E. Szymanszyk, chairman and CEO, Philip Morris USA BackgroundPhilip Morris is the world's largest tobacco company, owing the world's largest-selling cigarette brand since 1972. As any tobacco company, Philip Morris singed the agreement for not targeting young people. However, as it was observed, Philip Morris continued to target the younger population. For example, the company sponsored concerts where an auditorium was attended fully by young people, or it advertised cigarettes being offered to young girls and boys. This is considered to be irresponsible; such advertisements can have impacts on young immature minds.Many critics argued that even Philip M orris tried to take measures; however it was only made in order to create positive publicity rather than actually reduce youth smoking. For example, Kathryn Kahler Vose, the communications director of Campaign for Tobacco- free Kids, pointed out that Philip Morris tried to buy respectability, though in reality it was a Public Relations exercise (Tobaccofreekids, 2003). All of attacks came from the media despite the fact that the company previously acknowledged itself as socially responsible and promised to sponsor independent research on public health.Criticisms Philip Morris as a harmful tobacco company is the centre of public, media and government attentions. â€Å"The Wall Street Journal† in an article, accused the company of being the major cause of people's deaths. As a survey showed, a 50% share of the market belongs to Philip Morris Company (Alsop, 2001). Critics claimed that the multinational tobacco companies were using large marketing budget to attract customers, es pecially young people. The government emphasized that the company was misleading the public about the risks of passive smoking and so called â€Å"light cigarettes† (Economist, 2004).They charged that the company lied to customers about the hazards of smoking and tried to hide scientific evidence about it. They charged that they intentionally made people addicted to nicotine and sold cigarettes to smokers who were below the permitted age as well as causing many diseases like cancer, heart disease and so on (Economist, 2004). Philip Morris' initiatives As any multinational company operating worldwide, the image and reputation of its brand is a very important intangible asset. So scandals regarding a company's social responsibility can significantly damage a well known brand.The first reactions of Philip Morris were to improve its reputation, as it was surely expected. The company intended to reposition itself as a socially responsible business entity through new anti-smoking c ampaigns. In order to prevent teenagers from using cigarettes, the company cut down its advertising and started to responsibly pay attention on what it advertised, its impacts and the targeting population. However, many analysts are confident that despite the company's efforts towards establishing corporate social responsibility, it is a simple tool for refurbishing its negative image (Tobaccofreekids, 1999).Some experts remarked that if Philip Morris honestly wanted to reduce youth smoking and to be a responsible company, it had to end its marketing practices that attracted young people (US. newswire, 1999). However, in reality, it is appeared that they increased their marketing campaign to young people. Chapter 4 Findings and Discussions Coca-Cola case â€Å"Coca-Cola India undertakes a diverse range of activities for the benefit of the community across the country. As part of our CSR strategy, sustainable water management remains our top priority† -Deepak Kaul, Regional Vi ce-President, South, the Hindustan Coca-Cola Beverages Pvt.Ltd. , in 2007. â€Å"It is India where the company's abuse of water resources have been challenged vociferously and communities across India living around Coca-Cola' bottling plants have organized in large numbers to demand an end to the mismanagement of water†¦ In response to the growing Indian campaigns against Coca-Cola, the company has decided to promote rainwater harvesting – a traditional Indian practice – in and around its bottling plants in India. Touting rainwater harvesting initiatives is now central to Coca-Cola's public relations strategy in India† -Amit Srivastava, Coordinator of India Resource Center, in 2007.Background Coca-Cola established its first plant in India in 1950 and remained on market till 1970s. Because of the Indian Government's request to share the â€Å"secret formula† of coke, Coca-Cola left the Indian market. After an absence of about 16 years, Coca-Cola re-en tered the Indian market in the early 1990s, when economic liberalisation took place in India (CokeFacts, 2009). Nowadays, Coca-Cola is the largest multinational corporation operating in India and is considered to